所有数据作为字符输入计算机,包括字母,数字和各种特殊符号。 在本节中,我们讨论C ++用于检查和处理单个字符的能力。
字符处理库包括执行字符数据的有用测试和操作的几个函数。 每个函数接收一个字符,表示为int或EOF作为参数。 字符通常作为整数操作。
记住,EOF通常具有值-1,并且一些硬件架构不允许负值存储在char变量中。 因此,字符处理函数将字符操作为整数。
下表总结了字符处理库的功能。 使用字符处理库中的函数时,请包含< cctype> 标题。
S.No。 | 原型和描述 |
---|---|
1 | int isdigit(int c) 如果c是数字,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
2 | int isalpha(int c) 如果c是字母,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
3 | int isalnum(int c) 如果c是数字或字母,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
4 | int isxdigit(int c) 如果c是十六进制数字字符,则返回1,否则返回0。 (有关二进制,八进制,十进制和十六进制数字的详细说明,请参见附录D,数字系统。) |
5 | int islower(int c) 如果c是小写字母,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
6 | int isupper(int c) 如果c是大写字母,则返回1; 0否则。 |
7 | int isspace(int c) 如果c是空格字符换行符('\ n'),空格,则返回1('\ f'),回车符('\ r'),水平制表符('\ t')或垂直制表符('\ v'),否则为0。 |
8 | int iscntrl(int c) 如果c是控制字符,返回1,如换行符('\ n'),换页符('\ f'),回车符('\ r'),水平制表符 \ v'),alert('\ a')或退格('\ b') - 否则为0。 |
9 | int ispunct(int c) 如果c是除空格,数字或字母以外的打印字符,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
10 | int isprint(int c) 如果c是包含空格('')的打印字符,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
11 | int isgraph(int c) 如果c是除空格('')之外的打印字符,则返回1,否则返回0。 |
例子
以下示例演示如何使用函数 isdigit,isalpha,isalnum 和 isxdigit 。 函数 isdigit 确定其参数是否为数字(0-9)。 函数 isalpha 确定其参数是大写字母(A-Z)还是小写字母(a-z)。 函数 isalnum 确定其参数是大写,小写字母还是数字。 函数 isxdigit 确定其参数是否为十六进制数字(A-F,a-f,0-9)。
实例1
void setup () { Serial.begin (9600); Serial.print ("According to isdigit:\r"); Serial.print (isdigit( '8' ) ? "8 is a": "8 is not a"); Serial.print (" digit\r" ); Serial.print (isdigit( '8' ) ?"# is a": "# is not a") ; Serial.print (" digit\r"); Serial.print ("\rAccording to isalpha:\r" ); Serial.print (isalpha('A' ) ?"A is a": "A is not a"); Serial.print (" letter\r"); Serial.print (isalpha('A' ) ?"b is a": "b is not a"); Serial.print (" letter\r"); Serial.print (isalpha('A') ?"& is a": "& is not a"); Serial.print (" letter\r"); Serial.print (isalpha( 'A' ) ?"4 is a":"4 is not a"); Serial.print (" letter\r"); Serial.print ("\rAccording to isalnum:\r"); Serial.print (isalnum( 'A' ) ?"A is a" : "A is not a" ); Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r" ); Serial.print (isalnum( '8' ) ?"8 is a" : "8 is not a" ) ; Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r"); Serial.print (isalnum( '#' ) ?"# is a" : "# is not a" ); Serial.print (" digit or a letter\r"); Serial.print ("\rAccording to isxdigit:\r"); Serial.print (isxdigit( 'F' ) ?"F is a" : "F is not a" ); Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" ); Serial.print (isxdigit( 'J' ) ?"J is a" : "J is not a" ) ; Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" ); Serial.print (isxdigit( '7' ) ?"7 is a" : "7 is not a" ) ; Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" ); Serial.print (isxdigit( '$' ) ? "$ is a" : "$ is not a" ); Serial.print (" hexadecimal digit\r" ); Serial.print (isxdigit( 'f' ) ? “f is a" : "f is not a"); } void loop () { }
结果
According to isdigit: 8 is a digit # is not a digit According to isalpha: A is a letter b is a letter & is not a letter 4 is not a letter According to isalnum: A is a digit or a letter 8 is a digit or a letter # is not a digit or a letter According to isxdigit: F is a hexadecimal digit J is not a hexadecimal digit 7 is a hexadecimal digit $ is not a hexadecimal digit f is a hexadecimal digit
我们使用每个函数的条件运算符(?:)来确定字符串“is a”或字符串“is not a”是否应该在每个测试字符的输出中打印。 例如,行a表示如果'8'是数字,即如果isdigit返回真(非零)值,则打印字符串“8是a”。 如果'8'不是数字(即,如果isdigit返回0),则打印字符串“8不是a”。
实例2
以下示例演示了函数 islower 和 isupper 的使用。 函数 islower 确定其参数是否为小写字母(a-z)。 函数 isupper 确定其参数是否为大写字母(A-Z)。
int thisChar = 0xA0; void setup () { Serial.begin (9600); Serial.print ("According to islower:\r") ; Serial.print (islower( 'p' ) ? "p is a" : "p is not a" ); Serial.print ( " lowercase letter\r" ); Serial.print ( islower( 'P') ? "P is a" : "P is not a") ; Serial.print ("lowercase letter\r"); Serial.print (islower( '5' ) ? "5 is a" : "5 is not a" ); Serial.print ( " lowercase letter\r" ); Serial.print ( islower( '!' )? "! is a" : "! is not a") ; Serial.print ("lowercase letter\r"); Serial.print ("\rAccording to isupper:\r") ; Serial.print (isupper ( 'D' ) ? "D is a" : "D is not an" ); Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" ); Serial.print ( isupper ( 'd' )? "d is a" : "d is not an") ; Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" ); Serial.print (isupper ( '8' ) ? "8 is a" : "8 is not an" ); Serial.print ( " uppercase letter\r" ); Serial.print ( islower( '$' )? "$ is a" : "$ is not an") ; Serial.print ("uppercase letter\r "); } void setup () { }
结果
According to islower: p is a lowercase letter P is not a lowercase letter 5 is not a lowercase letter ! is not a lowercase letter According to isupper: D is an uppercase letter d is not an uppercase letter 8 is not an uppercase letter $ is not an uppercase letter
实例3
以下示例演示如何使用函数 isspace,iscntrl,ispunct,isprint 和 isgraph 。
函数 isspace 确定其参数是否为空格字符,例如空格(''),换页符('\ f'),换行符('\ n'),回车符('\ r' ('\ t')或垂直制表符('\ v')。
函数 iscntrl 确定其参数是否为控制字符,如水平制表符('\ t'),垂直制表符('\ v'),表单feed('\ f'),alert('\ a'),backspace '\ b'),回车('\ r')或换行符('\ n')。
函数 ispunct 确定其参数是否是除空格,数字或字母(例如$,#,(,),[,],{,},;,,或%)以外的打印字符。
函数 isprint 确定其参数是否为可以在屏幕上显示的字符(包括空格字符)。
函数 isgraph 测试与isprint相同的字符,但不包括空格字符。
void setup () { Serial.begin (9600); Serial.print ( " According to isspace:\rNewline ") ; Serial.print (isspace( '\n' )? " is a" : " is not a" ); Serial.print ( " whitespace character\rHorizontal tab") ; Serial.print (isspace( '\t' )? " is a" : " is not a" ); Serial.print ( " whitespace character\n") ; Serial.print (isspace('%')? " % is a" : " % is not a" ); Serial.print ( " \rAccording to iscntrl:\rNewline") ; Serial.print ( iscntrl( '\n' )?"is a" : " is not a" ) ; Serial.print (" control character\r"); Serial.print (iscntrl( '$' ) ? " $ is a" : " $ is not a" ); Serial.print (" control character\r"); Serial.print ("\rAccording to ispunct:\r"); Serial.print (ispunct(';' ) ?"; is a" : "; is not a" ) ; Serial.print (" punctuation character\r"); Serial.print (ispunct('Y' ) ?"Y is a" : "Y is not a" ) ; Serial.print ("punctuation character\r"); Serial.print (ispunct('#' ) ?"# is a" : "# is not a" ) ; Serial.print ("punctuation character\r"); Serial.print ( "\r According to isprint:\r"); Serial.print (isprint('$' ) ?"$ is a" : "$ is not a" ); Serial.print (" printing character\rAlert "); Serial.print (isprint('\a' ) ?" is a" : " is not a" ); Serial.print (" printing character\rSpace "); Serial.print (isprint(' ' ) ?" is a" : " is not a" ); Serial.print (" printing character\r"); Serial.print ("\r According to isgraph:\r"); Serial.print (isgraph ('Q' ) ?"Q is a" : "Q is not a" ); Serial.print ("printing character other than a space\rSpace "); Serial.print (isgraph (' ') ?" is a" : " is not a" ); Serial.print ("printing character other than a space "); } void loop () { }
结果
According to isspace: Newline is a whitespace character Horizontal tab is a whitespace character % is not a whitespace character According to iscntrl: Newline is a control character $ is not a control character According to ispunct: ; is a punctuation character Y is not a punctuation character # is a punctuation character According to isprint: $ is a printing character Alert is not a printing character Space is a printing character According to isgraph: Q is a printing character other than a space Space is not a printing character other than a space