Python 爬虫之设置ip代理，设置User-Agent，设置请求头，设置post载荷

1、get方式：如何为爬虫添加ip代理，设置Request header（请求头）

import urllib 
import urllib.request
import urllib.parse
import random
import time
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
ua = UserAgent()
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
########################################################
‘‘‘
设置ip代理
iplist = [ ‘127.0.0.1:80‘]   #可自行上网找一些代理
proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({‘http‘:random.choice(iplist)})  #也可以设置为https，要看你的代理支不支持
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)
‘‘‘
########################################################
‘‘‘无ip代理‘‘‘
opener = urllib.request.build_opener()

‘‘‘f12查看请求头添加即可，不一定都需要全添加↓↓↓‘‘‘
opener.addheaders = [(‘Host‘, ‘newtab.firefoxchina.cn‘),
                     (‘User-Agent‘,ua.random),
                     (‘Accept-Encoding‘,‘deflate, br‘),
                     (‘Accept‘, ‘text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8‘),
                     (‘Accept-Language‘, ‘zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2‘),
                     (‘Connection‘, ‘keep-alive‘),
                     (‘Upgrade-Insecure-Requests‘,1),
                     (‘Cookie‘, ‘__gads=ID=138080209be66bf8:T=1592037395:S=ALNI_Ma-g9wHmfxFL4GCy9veAjJrJRsNmg; Hm_lvt_dd4738b5fb302cb062ef19107df5d2e4=1592449208,1592471447,1592471736,1594001802; uid=rBADnV7m04mi8wRJK3xYAg==‘),
                    ]
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
while True:
    try:
        response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
        break
    except Exception as e:
        print("错误信息：" + str(e))
        time.sleep(3)
html = response.read().decode("utf-8")
print(html)

2、post方式添加载荷（此处是打比方），修改urllib.request.install_opener(opener)以下的代码即可

urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
# data = {}        #当页面提交数据是有载荷但是载荷内容为空时，必须以data = {}传参，不然无法获取网页数据
data = {‘_csrf‘:‘请把‘,
        ‘collection-name‘:‘载荷的参数‘,
        ‘description‘:‘以这种形式‘,
        ‘_csrf‘:‘装载‘
        }
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(data).encode(‘utf-8‘)
req = urllib.request.Request(url,data)
while True:
    try:
        response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
        break
    except Exception as e:
        print("错误信息：" + str(e))
        time.sleep(3)
html = response.read().decode("utf-8")