早些时候的shell笔记
一、shell简介
1.常见的shell bash: linux标准shell sh: 早起shell csh: ksh tcsh Unix shell vi: /etc/shells linux支持的shell 2.编写运行 #!/bin/bash echo "helloworld!" wq hello.sh chmod 755 ./hello.sh ./hello.sh 3.常见命令 1).历史命令 history /etc/profile 是linux的环境变量文件。注销才能使改变生效 HISTSIZE 属性指示可以保存的历史记录条数 历史命令保存在~/.bash_history history -w 把内存中的命令保存到文件 history -c 清空历史命令 !+历史命令的行号 执行该条命令 !+字符串 执行以该字符串开头的最近执行的历史命令 2).别名 alias alias ls='ls --color=never' 手工设定别名 ~/bashrc 是linux的环境变量文件,其中可以配置命令别名 4.输入输出重定向 标准输入 /dev/stdin 0 键盘 标准输出 /dev/stdout 1 显示器 标准错误输出 /dev/stderr 2 显示器 #设备文件名 #文件描述 #默认设备 1).输出重定向 > 覆盖 ls > aa >> 追加 ls >> aa ls zzzzz 2>>aa 错误信息输出到aa (注意:错误输出不能有空格) ls zzzzz &>aa 正确和错误的信息都输出到aa (注意:只能覆盖不能追加) ls zzzzz >>aa 2>>bb 正确的信息输出到aa,错误的信息输出到bb ls zzzzz >>a 2>&1 错误和正确信息都输出到aa,可以追加 2>&1 把标准错误重定向到标准正确输出 2).多命令的顺序执行 命令1; 命令2; 命令3; 命令1、2、3顺序依次执行,之间没有任何关系 命令1 && 命令2 命令1正确执行后命令2才会执行 命令1 || 命令2 命令1不正确执行命令2才会执行 ls && echo "yes" || ehco "no" 可以做简单的条件测试 命令1 | 命令2 命令1的执行结果作为命令2的执行条件或者操作对象。没有输出的命令不能作为第一条命令 netstat -tlun | grep 80 该命令用于查看端口是否开启 netstat -tlun 查看端口监听状态,grep 80 提取其中有80字样的内容。(管道符:将前者的结果作为后者的操作对象)
二、变量
1.分类:本地变量、环境变量、位置参数变量、预定义变量 2.本地变量 1).声明 aa=123 2).调用 echo $aa 3).查看变量 set 4).删除变量 unset 变量名 3.主要设定规则 1).变量值中有空格,用引号包围 2).""包裹的内容中如果有特殊字符,如$会被识别出来。aa="hello world"; echo “$aa"; 输出hello world。一般不用来""包裹特殊字符 3).''包裹的所有内容都看成普通字符 4).变量值可以直接调用系统命令(只是将命令的结果赋给变量)。`命令`(反引号)或者$(命令) cc=$(ls -l /root); echo $cc 或者cc=`ls -l /root`; echo $cc 5).变量值可以累加。 aa=123; aa="$aa"456; echo $aa; 会输出123456 6).环境变量大写 4.环境变量 1).声明 export 变量名=变量值 export 变量名 2).查看 set 查看所有变量 env、export 只查看环境变量 declare 声明变量类型的,如果不特别声明,所有变量为字符串类型 -i 声明为int型 -x 声明为环境变量 PATH 环境遍历路径。PATH="$PATH":/root/sh 可以追加/root/sh 到PATH 中 5.环境变量配置文件 /etc/profile /etc/bashrc 所有用户生效 ~/.bashrc ~/.bash_profile 只对指定用户生效 6.位置参数变量 $0 命令自己本身 $1 第一个参数 ... $9 第9个参数 7.预定义变量 $? 只要$?不为零说明上一句语句没有正确执行 #!/bin/bash echo "canshugeshu: $#" $#输出参数个数 echo "canshuzhi: $*" $*输出所有参数值 echo "shifouzhengchagn: $?" $?不为零说明上一句语句没有正确执行 8.键盘读取命令 #!/bin/bash read -p "input the 1st num: " -t 10 num1 -t 等待时间 -p 按行读 read -p "input the 2nd num: " -t 10 num2 sum=$(($num1+$num2)) echo "sum is $sum" 9.变量值默认都是字符串型,要进行运算有三种方法: 1).declare num1=123 num2=345 declare -i sum=$num1+$num2 2).sum=$(($num1 + $num2)) 3).sum=$(expr $num1 + $num2) 注意:+左右必须有空格 4).运算符 + - * / %
三、shell中常用的命令
1.行提取命令grep(在文档当中匹配行) grep "hello" test.txt grep -v "hello" test.txt -v 反向选择。把不包含hello的行选出来 -n 提取时,显示行号 匹配正则表达式举例: grep "[^a-z]hen" test_rule.txt 该表达式匹配 `非小写字母`+hen的行 [] 代表一个字母 [^] 表示取反 grep "\.$" test_rule.txt 该表达式匹配 以点结尾的行 . 代表任意一个字符,加了转义符\后只仅仅代表点 $ 代表行的结尾 grep "^[^A-Za-Z]" test_rule.txt 匹配 不以字母开头的行 ^ 在中括号外表示行开头 grep "^$" 匹配 空行,即回车行 grep "oo*" 匹配 有o的行 * 匹配前一个字母出现一次到任意多次 2.列提取命令 1).cut cut -d "分隔符" -f 列号 文件 (缺点:对空格匹配不好) cut -d ":" -f 1,3 /etc/passwd 提取linux系统的用户名及其UID cat /etc/passwd | grep "/bin/bash" | cut -d ":" -f 1,3 提取可登陆的用户(其bash在/bin/bash下) 2).awk last 系统登陆日志 last | grep "[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}" | awk '{printf $1 "\t" $3 "\n"}' 提取远程登陆的用户和登陆ip(提取有ip的行,在行中提取第一列和第三列) 其中: [0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\}\.[0-9]\{1,3\} 匹配 IP地址 printf 代表格式化输出 \t 制表符 \n 换行符 \r 回车 3.echo -e 识别格式化打印内容 echo -e "1\t2\t3" 识别制表符打印 echo -e "\e[1;31m this is colorful content\e[0m" \e[ 两个这个之间包裹要带色打印的内容 1;31m 代表按什么颜色打印或者背景颜色是什么 字体颜色:30m=黑色,31m=红色,32m=绿色,33m=黄色,34m=蓝色,35m=洋红色,36m=青色,37m=白色 背景颜色:40m=黑色,41m=红色,42m=绿色,43m=黄色,44m=蓝色,45m=洋红色,46m=青色,47m=白色 0m 代表恢复颜色(重置) cat -A test.txt 显示隐藏字符,包括换行符(类Unix中换行符是$,dos中是^M$) 取消dos文档的回车符,两种办法: 1).dos2unix 文档路径 2).vi -b 文档路径 :%s/^M//g (^M用ctrl+v+M输入)
四、条件测试语句
1.测试文件类型 test -e 文件路径 或 [ -e 文件路径 ](注意:[]中必须有空格) 测试文件是否存在 test -f 文件路径 测试文件是否普通文件 test -d 文件路径 测试文件是否目录 test -b 文件路径 测试文件是否块设备文件 test -c 文件路径 测试文件是否字符设备文件 test -e /etc/hello.sh && echo "yes" || echo "no" [ -e /etc/hello.sh ] && echo "yes" || echo "no" 2.测试文件权限 test -r 文件路径 测试是否有可读权限 test -w 文件路径 测试是否有可写权限 test -x 文件路径 测试是否有执行权限 test -s 文件路径 测试文件是否非空文件 3.两个文档比较 [ file1 -nt file2 ] 测试是否file1比file2新 [ file1 -ot file2 ] 测试是否file1比file2旧 [ file1 -ef file2 ] 测试是否file1和file2是链接文件 [ test1.txt -nt test2.txt ] && echo "yes" || echo "no" 4.两个数值之间判断 [ n1 -eq n2 ] equal [ n1 -nt n2 ] not equal [ n1 -gt n2 ] greate than [ n1 -lt n2 ] little than [ n1 -ge n2 ] greate equal [ n1 -le n2 ] little equal 5.判断字符串 [ -z 字符串] 测试字符串是否为空 [ 字符串1 == 字符串2] 测试字符串是否相等 [ 字符串1 == 字符串2] 测试字符串是否相等 [ 字符串1 != 字符串2] 测试字符串是否不等 6.逻辑判断 a 逻辑与 [ -z $file -a -e $file ] && echo "yes" || echo "no" o 逻辑或 ! 逻辑非
五、流程控制
1.if语句 1).if ... then ... fi 例:如果/boot分区使用超过80%则报警 #!/bin/bash RATE=$(df -hT | grep "/boot" | awk '{printf $6 "\n"}' | cut -d "%" -f 1) if [ $RATE -gt 85 ] then echo -e "\e[1;31mthe /boot is nearly full\e[0m" fi #df -hT df 文件系统占用情况 -h human readable -T print file system type 2).if ... then ... else ... fi 例:如果Apache服务没启动就启动它 #!/bin/bash httpd=`netstat -tlun | awk '{printf $4 "\n"}' | grep ":80"` #httpd=`ps aux | grep "httpd" | grep -v "grep"` if [ -z "$httpd" ] then echo -e "\e[1;31mhello\e[0m" /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start else echo -e "\e[1;31mhttpd is running\e[0m" fi #ps aux 显示终端所有进程 3).if ... then ... elif ... then ... else ... 2.for语句 1).for ... in ... do ... done 例:输入目录名打印出目录下的文件名 #!/bin/bash read -p "input the filepath:" -t 10 path if [ -z "$path" ] then echo -e "\e[1;31minput a non-void path\e[0m" exit 1 elif [ ! -e "$path" ] then echo -e "\e[1;31mthe file path is not avaliable\e[0m" exit 2 else files=`ls $path` echo $files for i in $files do echo $i done fi 2).for ... in ... do ... done 例:1-100累加 #!/bin/bash s=0 for ((i=1;i<=100;i=i+1)) do s=$(($s + $i)) done echo $s 3.while ... do ... done 例:实现批量添加用户 #!/bin/bash i=1 while [ $i -le 20 ] do useradd user_$i echo "123456" | passwd --stdin user_$i &> /etc/null echo "---user_$i is created---" i=`expr $i + 1` done 例:实现批量删除用户 #!/bin/bash users=`cat /etc/passwd | grep "/bin/bash" | cut -d ":" -f 1 | grep "^user_"` for i in $users do userdel -r $i echo "---$i is deleted---" done 4.case多重分支语句 例:打印选择列表,输出选择 #!/bin/bash echo -e "shanghai->1\n" echo -e "beijing->2\n" echo -e "lanzhou->3\n" read -p "input the num of your choice: " -t 10 choice case $choice in "1") echo -e "\e[1;31mshanghai\e[0m" ;; "2") echo -e "\e[1;31mbeijing\e[0m" ;; "3") echo -e "\e[1;31mlanzhou\e[0m" ;; *) echo -e "\e[1;33minput the avaliable num\e[0m" esac
六、Apache启动脚本分析(/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd)
#!/bin/bash # # httpd Startup script for the Apache HTTP Server # # chkconfig: - 85 15 # description: Apache is a World Wide Web server. It is used to serve \ # HTML files and CGI. # processname: httpd # config: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf # config: /etc/sysconfig/httpd # pidfile: /var/run/httpd.pid # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/httpd ]; then . /etc/sysconfig/httpd fi # Start httpd in the C locale by default. HTTPD_LANG=${HTTPD_LANG-"C"} # This will prevent initlog from swallowing up a pass-phrase prompt if # mod_ssl needs a pass-phrase from the user. INITLOG_ARGS="" # Set HTTPD=/usr/sbin/httpd.worker in /etc/sysconfig/httpd to use a server # with the thread-based "worker" MPM; BE WARNED that some modules may not # work correctly with a thread-based MPM; notably PHP will refuse to start. # Path to the apachectl script, server binary, and short-form for messages. apachectl=/usr/sbin/apachectl httpd=${HTTPD-/usr/sbin/httpd} prog=httpd pidfile=${PIDFILE-/var/run/httpd.pid} lockfile=${LOCKFILE-/var/lock/subsys/httpd} RETVAL=0 # check for 1.3 configuration check13 () { CONFFILE=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf GONE="(ServerType|BindAddress|Port|AddModule|ClearModuleList|" GONE="${GONE}AgentLog|RefererLog|RefererIgnore|FancyIndexing|" GONE="${GONE}AccessConfig|ResourceConfig)" if LANG=C grep -Eiq "^[[:space:]]*($GONE)" $CONFFILE; then echo echo 1>&2 " Apache 1.3 configuration directives found" echo 1>&2 " please read /usr/share/doc/httpd-2.2.3/migration.html" failure "Apache 1.3 config directives test" echo exit 1 fi } # The semantics of these two functions differ from the way apachectl does # things -- attempting to start while running is a failure, and shutdown # when not running is also a failure. So we just do it the way init scripts # are expected to behave here. start() { echo -n $"Starting $prog: " check13 || exit 1 LANG=$HTTPD_LANG daemon --pidfile=${pidfile} $httpd $OPTIONS RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch ${lockfile} return $RETVAL } # When stopping httpd a delay of >10 second is required before SIGKILLing the # httpd parent; this gives enough time for the httpd parent to SIGKILL any # errant children. stop() { echo -n $"Stopping $prog: " killproc -p ${pidfile} -d 10 $httpd RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f ${lockfile} ${pidfile} } reload() { echo -n $"Reloading $prog: " if ! LANG=$HTTPD_LANG $httpd $OPTIONS -t >&/dev/null; then RETVAL=$? echo $"not reloading due to configuration syntax error" failure $"not reloading $httpd due to configuration syntax error" else killproc -p ${pidfile} $httpd -HUP RETVAL=$? fi echo } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; status) status -p ${pidfile} $httpd RETVAL=$? ;; restart) stop start ;; condrestart) if [ -f ${pidfile} ] ; then stop start fi ;; reload) reload ;; graceful|help|configtest|fullstatus) $apachectl $@ RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo $"Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status|fullstatus|graceful|help|configtest}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL #!/bin/bash # # httpd Startup script for the Apache HTTP Server # # chkconfig: - 85 15 # description: Apache is a World Wide Web server. It is used to serve \ # HTML files and CGI. # processname: httpd # config: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf # config: /etc/sysconfig/httpd # pidfile: /var/run/httpd.pid # Source function library. . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions if [ -f /etc/sysconfig/httpd ]; then . /etc/sysconfig/httpd fi # Start httpd in the C locale by default. HTTPD_LANG=${HTTPD_LANG-"C"} # This will prevent initlog from swallowing up a pass-phrase prompt if # mod_ssl needs a pass-phrase from the user. INITLOG_ARGS="" # Set HTTPD=/usr/sbin/httpd.worker in /etc/sysconfig/httpd to use a server # with the thread-based "worker" MPM; BE WARNED that some modules may not # work correctly with a thread-based MPM; notably PHP will refuse to start. # Path to the apachectl script, server binary, and short-form for messages. apachectl=/usr/sbin/apachectl httpd=${HTTPD-/usr/sbin/httpd} prog=httpd pidfile=${PIDFILE-/var/run/httpd.pid} lockfile=${LOCKFILE-/var/lock/subsys/httpd} RETVAL=0 # check for 1.3 configuration check13 () { CONFFILE=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf GONE="(ServerType|BindAddress|Port|AddModule|ClearModuleList|" GONE="${GONE}AgentLog|RefererLog|RefererIgnore|FancyIndexing|" GONE="${GONE}AccessConfig|ResourceConfig)" if LANG=C grep -Eiq "^[[:space:]]*($GONE)" $CONFFILE; then echo echo 1>&2 " Apache 1.3 configuration directives found" echo 1>&2 " please read /usr/share/doc/httpd-2.2.3/migration.html" failure "Apache 1.3 config directives test" echo exit 1 fi } # The semantics of these two functions differ from the way apachectl does # things -- attempting to start while running is a failure, and shutdown # when not running is also a failure. So we just do it the way init scripts # are expected to behave here. start() { echo -n $"Starting $prog: " check13 || exit 1 LANG=$HTTPD_LANG daemon --pidfile=${pidfile} $httpd $OPTIONS RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && touch ${lockfile} return $RETVAL } # When stopping httpd a delay of >10 second is required before SIGKILLing the # httpd parent; this gives enough time for the httpd parent to SIGKILL any # errant children. stop() { echo -n $"Stopping $prog: " killproc -p ${pidfile} -d 10 $httpd RETVAL=$? echo [ $RETVAL = 0 ] && rm -f ${lockfile} ${pidfile} } reload() { echo -n $"Reloading $prog: " if ! LANG=$HTTPD_LANG $httpd $OPTIONS -t >&/dev/null; then RETVAL=$? echo $"not reloading due to configuration syntax error" failure $"not reloading $httpd due to configuration syntax error" else killproc -p ${pidfile} $httpd -HUP RETVAL=$? fi echo } # See how we were called. case "$1" in start) start ;; stop) stop ;; status) status -p ${pidfile} $httpd RETVAL=$? ;; restart) stop start ;; condrestart) if [ -f ${pidfile} ] ; then stop start fi ;; reload) reload ;; graceful|help|configtest|fullstatus) $apachectl $@ RETVAL=$? ;; *) echo $"Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status|fullstatus|graceful|help|configtest}" exit 1 esac exit $RETVAL
============================================================================================================
pstree 查询进程树 more 分屏显示文件内容 netstat -tlun | greap 80 #netstat -tlun 系统中启动的所有端口 date "+%F %T" #2015-01-16 12:30:39 yum install -y sysstat
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