4个可以发送完整电子邮件的命令行工具
今天的文章里我们会讲到一些使用Linux命令行工具来发送带附件的电子邮件的方法。它有很多用处,比如在应用程序所在服务器上,使用电子邮件发送一个文件过来,或者你可以在脚本中使用这些命令来做一些自动化操作。在本文的例子中,我们会使用foo.tar.gz文件作为附件。
有不同的命令行工具可以发送邮件,这里我分享几个多数用户会使用的工具,如mailx
、mutt
和swaks
。
我们即将呈现的这些工具都是非常有名的,并且存在于多数Linux发行版默认的软件仓库中,你可以使用如下命令安装:
在 Debian / Ubuntu 系统
<span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pln"> install mutt</span>
<span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pln"> install swaks</span>
<span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pln"> install mailx</span>
<span class="pln">apt</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">get</span><span class="pln"> install sharutils</span>
在基于Red Hat的系统,如 CentOS 或者 Fedora
<span class="pln">yum install mutt</span>
<span class="pln">yum install swaks</span>
<span class="pln">yum install mailx</span>
<span class="pln">yum install sharutils</span>
1) 使用 mail / mailx
mailx
工具在多数Linux发行版中是默认的邮件程序,现在已经支持发送附件了。如果它不在你的系统中,你可以使用上边的命令安装。有一点需要注意,老版本的mailx可能不支持发送附件,运行如下命令查看是否支持。
<span class="pln">$ man mail</span>
第一行看起来是这样的:
<span class="pln">mailx </span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="typ">BDdEFintv</span><span class="pun">~]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">s subject</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">a attachment </span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">c cc</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">addr</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">b bcc</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">addr</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">r </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">addr</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">h hops</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">A account</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pun">[-</span><span class="pln">S variable</span><span class="pun">[=</span><span class="pln">value</span><span class="pun">]]</span><span class="pln"> to</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">addr </span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pun">.</span>
如果你看到它支持-a
的选项(-a 文件名,将文件作为附件添加到邮件)和-s
选项(-s 主题,指定邮件的主题),那就是支持的。可以使用如下的几个例子发送邮件。
a) 简单的邮件
运行mail
命令,然后mailx
会等待你输入邮件内容。你可以按回车来换行。当输入完成后,按Ctrl + D,mailx
会显示EOT表示结束。
然后mailx
会自动将邮件发送给收件人。
<span class="pln">$ mail user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
<span class="pln">HI</span><span class="pun">,</span>
<span class="typ">Good</span><span class="typ">Morning</span>
<span class="typ">How</span><span class="pln"> are you</span>
<span class="pln">EOT</span>
b) 发送有主题的邮件
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str">"Email text"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mail </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"Test Subject"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
-s
的用处是指定邮件的主题。
c) 从文件中读取邮件内容并发送
<span class="pln">$ mail </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"message send from file"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com </span><span class="pun"><</span><span class="str">/path/</span><span class="pln">to</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">file</span>
d) 将从管道获取到的echo
命令输出作为邮件内容发送
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str">"This is message body"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mail </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"This is Subject"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
e) 发送带附件的邮件
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="pun">“</span><span class="typ">Body</span><span class="kwd">with</span><span class="pln"> attachment </span><span class="str">"| mail -a foo.tar.gz -s "</span><span class="pln">attached file</span><span class="str">" [email protected]</span>
-a
选项用于指定附件。
2) mutt
Mutt是类Unix系统上的一个文本界面邮件客户端。它有20多年的历史,在Linux历史中也是一个很重要的部分,它是最早支持进程打分和多线程处理的客户端程序之一。按照如下的例子来发送邮件。
a) 带有主题,从文件中读取邮件的正文,并发送
<span class="pln">$ mutt </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"Testing from mutt"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com </span><span class="pun"><</span><span class="str">/tmp/</span><span class="pln">message</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">txt</span>
b) 通过管道获取echo
命令输出作为邮件内容发送
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str">"This is the body"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mutt </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"Testing mutt"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
c) 发送带附件的邮件
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str">"This is the body"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mutt </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"Testing mutt"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">a </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tmp</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">foo</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">tar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">gz</span>
d) 发送带有多个附件的邮件
<span class="pln">$ echo </span><span class="str">"This is the body"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mutt </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"Testing"</span><span class="pln"> user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">a foo</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">tar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">gz </span><span class="pun">–</span><span class="pln">a bar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">tar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">gz</span>
3) swaks
Swaks(Swiss Army Knife,瑞士军刀)是SMTP服务上的瑞士军刀,它是一个功能强大、灵活、可编程、面向事务的SMTP测试工具,由John Jetmore开发和维护。你可以使用如下语法发送带附件的邮件:
<span class="pln">$ swaks </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">t </span><span class="str">"[email protected]"</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">header </span><span class="str">"Subject: Subject"</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">body </span><span class="str">"Email Text"</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">attach foo</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">tar</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">gz</span>
关于Swaks一个重要的地方是,它会为你显示整个邮件发送过程,所以如果你想调试邮件发送过程,它是一个非常有用的工具。
它会给你提供了邮件发送过程的所有细节,包括邮件接收服务器的功能支持、两个服务器之间的每一步交互。
(LCTT 译注:原文此处少了 sharutils 的相关介绍,而多了 uuencode 的介绍。)
4) uuencode
邮件传输系统最初是被设计来传送7位编码(类似ASCII)的内容的。这就意味这它是用来发送文本内容,而不能发会使用8位的二进制内容(如程序文件或者图片)。uuencode
(“UNIX to UNIX encoding”,UNIX之间使用的编码方式)程序用来解决这���限制。使用uuencode
,发送端将二进制格式的转换成文本格式来传输,接收端再转换回去。
我们可以简单地使用uuencode
和mailx
或者mutt
配合,来发送二进制内容,类似这样:
<span class="pln">$ uuencode example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">jpeg example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">jpeg </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> mail user@example</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
Shell脚本:解释如何发送邮件
<span class="com">#!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="pln">FROM</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="pln">SUBJECT</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="pln">ATTACHMENTS</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="pln">TO</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="pln">BODY</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="com"># 检查文件名对应的文件是否存在</span>
<span class="kwd">function</span><span class="pln"> check_files</span><span class="pun">()</span>
<span class="pun">{</span>
<span class="pln">output_files</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">""</span>
<span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> file </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> $1</span>
<span class="kwd">do</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s $file </span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="pln">output_files</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">"${output_files}${file} "</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="kwd">done</span>
<span class="pln">echo $output_files</span>
<span class="pun">}</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"*********************"</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"E-mail sending script."</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"*********************"</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="com"># 读取用户输入的邮件地址</span>
<span class="kwd">while</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">do</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pun">!</span><span class="pln"> $FROM </span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">n </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"Enter the e-mail address you wish to send mail from:\n[Enter] "</span>
<span class="kwd">else</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">n </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"The address you provided is not valid:\n[Enter] "</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="pln">read FROM</span>
<span class="pln">echo $FROM </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> grep </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">E </span><span class="str">'^.+@.+$'</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="str">/dev/</span><span class="kwd">null</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln"> $</span><span class="pun">?</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">eq </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="kwd">break</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="kwd">done</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="com"># 读取用户输入的收件人地址</span>
<span class="kwd">while</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">do</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pun">!</span><span class="pln"> $TO </span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">n </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"Enter the e-mail address you wish to send mail to:\n[Enter] "</span>
<span class="kwd">else</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">n </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"The address you provided is not valid:\n[Enter] "</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="pln">read TO</span>
<span class="pln">echo $TO </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="pln"> grep </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">E </span><span class="str">'^.+@.+$'</span><span class="pun">></span><span class="str">/dev/</span><span class="kwd">null</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="pln"> $</span><span class="pun">?</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">eq </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="kwd">break</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="kwd">done</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="com"># 读取用户输入的邮件主题</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">n </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"Enter e-mail subject:\n[Enter] "</span>
<span class="pln">read SUBJECT</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="kwd">if</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="str">"$SUBJECT"</span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="str">""</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">then</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"Proceeding without the subject..."</span>
<span class="kwd">fi</span>
<span class="com"># 读取作为附件的文件名</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"Provide the list of attachments. Separate names by space.</span>
<span class="str">If there are spaces in file name, quote file name with \"."</span>
<span class="pln">read att</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="com"># 确保文件名指向真实文件</span>
<span class="pln">attachments</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="pln">$</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">check_files </span><span class="str">"$att"</span><span class="pun">)</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"Attachments: $attachments"</span>
<span class="kwd">for</span><span class="pln"> attachment </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> $attachments</span>
<span class="kwd">do</span>
<span class="pln">ATTACHMENTS</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">"$ATTACHMENTS-a $attachment "</span>
<span class="kwd">done</span>
<span class="pln">echo</span>
<span class="com"># 读取完整的邮件正文</span>
<span class="pln">echo </span><span class="str">"Enter message. To mark the end of message type ;; in new line."</span>
<span class="pln">read line</span>
<span class="kwd">while</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="str">"$line"</span><span class="pun">!=</span><span class="str">";;"</span><span class="pun">]</span>
<span class="kwd">do</span>
<span class="pln">BODY</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">"$BODY$line\n"</span>
<span class="pln">read line</span>
<span class="kwd">done</span>
<span class="pln">SENDMAILCMD</span><span class="pun">=</span><span class="str">"mutt -e \"set from=$FROM\" -s \"$SUBJECT\" \</span>
<span class="str">$ATTACHMENTS -- \"$TO\" <<< \"$BODY\""</span>
<span class="pln">echo $SENDMAILCMD</span>
<span class="pln">mutt </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">e </span><span class="str">"set from=$FROM"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">s </span><span class="str">"$SUBJECT"</span><span class="pln"> $ATTACHMENTS </span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln"> $TO </span><span class="pun"><<<</span><span class="pln"> $BODY</span>
** 脚本输出 **
<span class="pln">$ bash send_mail</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
<span class="pun">*********************</span>
<span class="pln">E</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mail sending script</span><span class="pun">.</span>
<span class="pun">*********************</span>
<span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pln"> the e</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mail address you wish to send mail </span><span class="kwd">from</span><span class="pun">:</span>
<span class="pun">[</span><span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> test@gmail</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
<span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pln"> the e</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mail address you wish to send mail to</span><span class="pun">:</span>
<span class="pun">[</span><span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> test@gmail</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span>
<span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pln"> e</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">mail subject</span><span class="pun">:</span>
<span class="pun">[</span><span class="typ">Enter</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="typ">Message</span><span class="pln"> subject</span>
<span class="typ">Provide</span><span class="pln"> the list of attachments</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="typ">Separate</span><span class="pln"> names </span><span class="kwd">by</span><span class="pln"> space</span><span class="pun">.</span>
<span class="typ">If</span><span class="pln"> there are spaces </span><span class="kwd">in</span><span class="pln"> file name</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> quote file name </span><span class="kwd">with</span><span class="str">".</span>
<span class="str">send_mail.sh</span>
<span class="str">Attachments: send_mail.sh</span>
<span class="str">Enter message. To mark the end of message type ;; in new line.</span>
<span class="str">This is a message</span>
<span class="str">text</span>
<span class="str">;;</span>
总结
有很多方法可以使用命令行/Shell脚本来发送邮件,这里我们只分享了其中4个类Unix系统可用的工具。希望你喜欢我们的文章,并且提供您的宝贵意见,让我们知道您想了解哪些新工具。
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-shell-script/send-email-subject-body-attachment-linux/
作者:Bobbin Zachariah 译者:goreliu 校对:wxy