Android中HAL如何向上层提供接口总结
参考文献:
建议阅读本文时先浏览以上两篇文章,本文是对上两篇文章在HAL对上层接口话题的一个总结.
1 什么是HAL
HAL的全称是Hardware Abstraction Layer,即硬件抽象层.其架构图如下:
Android的HAL是为了保护一些硬件提供商的知识产权而提出的,是为了避开linux的GPL束缚。思路是把控制硬件的动作都放到了Android HAL中,而linux driver仅仅完成一些简单的数据交互作用,甚至把硬件寄存器空间直接映射到user space。而Android是基于Aparch的license,因此硬件厂商可以只提供二进制代码,所以说Android只是一个开放的平台,并不是一个开源的平台。也许也正是因为Android不遵从GPL,所以Greg Kroah-Hartman才在2.6.33内核将Andorid驱动从linux中删除。GPL和硬件厂商目前还是有着无法弥合的裂痕。Android想要把这个问题处理好也是不容易的。
总结下来,Android HAL存在的原因主要有:
1. 并不是所有的硬件设备都有标准的linux kernel的接口
2. KERNEL DRIVER涉及到GPL的版权。某些设备制造商并不原因公开硬件驱动,所以才去用HAL方式绕过GPL。
3. 针对某些硬件,Android有一些特殊的需求.
2 与接口相关的几个结构体
首先来看三个与HAL对上层接口有关的几个结构体:
- struct hw_module_t; //模块类型
- struct hw_module_methods_t; //模块方法
- struct hw_device_t; //设备类型
这几个数据结构是在Android工作目录/hardware/libhardware/include/hardware/hardware.h文件中定义.
3 解释
一般来说,在写HAL相关代码时都得包含这个hardware.h头文件,所以有必要先了解一下这个头文件中的内容.
- /*
- * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
- #ifndef ANDROID_INCLUDE_HARDWARE_HARDWARE_H
- #define ANDROID_INCLUDE_HARDWARE_HARDWARE_H
- #include <stdint.h>
- #include <sys/cdefs.h>
- #include <cutils/native_handle.h>
- #include <system/graphics.h>
- __BEGIN_DECLS
- /*
- * Value for the hw_module_t.tag field
- */
- #define MAKE_TAG_CONSTANT(A,B,C,D) (((A) << 24) | ((B) << 16) | ((C) << 8) | (D))
- #define HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG MAKE_TAG_CONSTANT('H', 'W', 'M', 'T')
- #define HARDWARE_DEVICE_TAG MAKE_TAG_CONSTANT('H', 'W', 'D', 'T')
- struct hw_module_t;
- struct hw_module_methods_t;
- struct hw_device_t;
- /**
- * Every hardware module must have a data structure named HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM
- * and the fields of this data structure must begin with hw_module_t
- * followed by module specific information.
- */
- //每一个硬件模块都每必须有一个名为HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM的数据结构变量,它的第一个成员的类型必须为hw_module_t
- typedef struct hw_module_t {
- /** tag must be initialized to HARDWARE_MODULE_TAG */
- uint32_t tag;
- /** major version number for the module */
- uint16_t version_major;
- /** minor version number of the module */
- uint16_t version_minor;
- /** Identifier of module */
- const char *id;
- /** Name of this module */
- const char *name;
- /** Author/owner/implementor of the module */
- const char *author;
- /** Modules methods */
- //模块方法列表,指向hw_module_methods_t*
- struct hw_module_methods_t* methods;
- /** module's dso */
- void* dso;
- /** padding to 128 bytes, reserved for future use */
- uint32_t reserved[32-7];
- } hw_module_t;
- typedef struct hw_module_methods_t { //硬件模块方法列表的定义,这里只定义了一个open函数
- /** Open a specific device */
- int (*open)(const struct hw_module_t* module, const char* id, //注意这个open函数明确指出第三个参数的类型为struct hw_device_t**
- struct hw_device_t** device);
- } hw_module_methods_t;
- /**
- * Every device data structure must begin with hw_device_t
- * followed by module specific public methods and attributes.
- */
- //每一个设备数据结构的第一个成员函数必须是hw_device_t类型,其次才是各个公共方法和属性
- typedef struct hw_device_t {
- /** tag must be initialized to HARDWARE_DEVICE_TAG */
- uint32_t tag;
- /** version number for hw_device_t */
- uint32_t version;
- /** reference to the module this device belongs to */
- struct hw_module_t* module;
- /** padding reserved for future use */
- uint32_t reserved[12];
- /** Close this device */
- int (*close)(struct hw_device_t* device);
- } hw_device_t;
- /**
- * Name of the hal_module_info
- */
- #define HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM HMI
- /**
- * Name of the hal_module_info as a string
- */
- #define HAL_MODULE_INFO_SYM_AS_STR "HMI"
- /**
- * Get the module info associated with a module by id.
- *
- * @return: 0 == success, <0 == error and *module == NULL
- */
- int hw_get_module(const char *id, const struct hw_module_t **module);
- /**
- * Get the module info associated with a module instance by class 'class_id'
- * and instance 'inst'.
- *
- * Some modules types necessitate multiple instances. For example audio supports
- * multiple concurrent interfaces and thus 'audio' is the module class
- * and 'primary' or 'a2dp' are module interfaces. This implies that the files
- * providing these modules would be named audio.primary.<variant>.so and
- * audio.a2dp.<variant>.so
- *
- * @return: 0 == success, <0 == error and *module == NULL
- */
- int hw_get_module_by_class(const char *class_id, const char *inst,
- const struct hw_module_t **module);
- __END_DECLS
- #endif /* ANDROID_INCLUDE_HARDWARE_HARDWARE_H */
由以上内容可以看出(typedef struct hw_module_t ,typedef struct hw_device_t),如果我们要写一个自定义设备的驱动的HAL层时,我们得首先自定义两个数据结构: