用TensorFlow实现戴明回归算法的示例
如果最小二乘线性回归算法最小化到回归直线的竖直距离(即,平行于y轴方向),则戴明回归最小化到回归直线的总距离(即,垂直于回归直线)。其最小化x值和y值两个方向的误差,具体的对比图如下图。
线性回归算法和戴明回归算法的区别。左边的线性回归最小化到回归直线的竖直距离;右边的戴明回归最小化到回归直线的总距离。
线性回归算法的损失函数最小化竖直距离;而这里需要最小化总距离。给定直线的斜率和截距,则求解一个点到直线的垂直距离有已知的几何公式。代入几何公式并使TensorFlow最小化距离。
损失函数是由分子和分母组成的几何公式。给定直线y=mx+b,点(x0,y0),则求两者间的距离的公式为:
# 戴明回归 #---------------------------------- # # This function shows how to use TensorFlow to # solve linear Deming regression. # y = Ax + b # # We will use the iris data, specifically: # y = Sepal Length # x = Petal Width import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np import tensorflow as tf from sklearn import datasets from tensorflow.python.framework import ops ops.reset_default_graph() # Create graph sess = tf.Session() # Load the data # iris.data = [(Sepal Length, Sepal Width, Petal Length, Petal Width)] iris = datasets.load_iris() x_vals = np.array([x[3] for x in iris.data]) y_vals = np.array([y[0] for y in iris.data]) # Declare batch size batch_size = 50 # Initialize placeholders x_data = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) y_target = tf.placeholder(shape=[None, 1], dtype=tf.float32) # Create variables for linear regression A = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1,1])) b = tf.Variable(tf.random_normal(shape=[1,1])) # Declare model operations model_output = tf.add(tf.matmul(x_data, A), b) # Declare Demming loss function demming_numerator = tf.abs(tf.subtract(y_target, tf.add(tf.matmul(x_data, A), b))) demming_denominator = tf.sqrt(tf.add(tf.square(A),1)) loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.truediv(demming_numerator, demming_denominator)) # Declare optimizer my_opt = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.1) train_step = my_opt.minimize(loss) # Initialize variables init = tf.global_variables_initializer() sess.run(init) # Training loop loss_vec = [] for i in range(250): rand_index = np.random.choice(len(x_vals), size=batch_size) rand_x = np.transpose([x_vals[rand_index]]) rand_y = np.transpose([y_vals[rand_index]]) sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x_data: rand_x, y_target: rand_y}) temp_loss = sess.run(loss, feed_dict={x_data: rand_x, y_target: rand_y}) loss_vec.append(temp_loss) if (i+1)%50==0: print('Step #' + str(i+1) + ' A = ' + str(sess.run(A)) + ' b = ' + str(sess.run(b))) print('Loss = ' + str(temp_loss)) # Get the optimal coefficients [slope] = sess.run(A) [y_intercept] = sess.run(b) # Get best fit line best_fit = [] for i in x_vals: best_fit.append(slope*i+y_intercept) # Plot the result plt.plot(x_vals, y_vals, 'o', label='Data Points') plt.plot(x_vals, best_fit, 'r-', label='Best fit line', linewidth=3) plt.legend(loc='upper left') plt.title('Sepal Length vs Pedal Width') plt.xlabel('Pedal Width') plt.ylabel('Sepal Length') plt.show() # Plot loss over time plt.plot(loss_vec, 'k-') plt.title('L2 Loss per Generation') plt.xlabel('Generation') plt.ylabel('L2 Loss') plt.show()
结果:
本文的戴明回归算法与线性回归算法得到的结果基本一致。两者之间的关键不同点在于预测值与数据点间的损失函数度量:线性回归算法的损失函数是竖直距离损失;而戴明回归算法是垂直距离损失(到x轴和y轴的总距离损失)。
注意,这里戴明回归算法的实现类型是总体回归(总的最小二乘法误差)。总体回归算法是假设x值和y值的误差是相似的。我们也可以根据不同的理念使用不同的误差来扩展x轴和y轴的距离计算。
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