django 进阶之view layer

一 基本环境

1 环境处理

mkdir  djanad
cd djanad/
pyenv   virtualenv 3.6.5  djanad
pyenv  local  djanad

结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

2 创建django和基本配置

pip install  django==2.1
django-admin startproject  demo .
django-admin  startapp  app

结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

数据库配置如下

django 进阶之view layer

基本时区和mysql配置及相关时区配置请看django基础

https://blog.51cto.com/11233559/2444627

启动结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

二 view基本使用

1 view中使用模板

1 概述

django内置了自己的模板引擎,和jinjia 很像,使用简单

使用 Template 进行定义模板,使用Context 将数据导入到该模板中,其导入默认使用字典

django 进阶之view layer

2 环境准备

1 创建models

django 默认会去到app_name/templates下寻找模板,这是settings中的默认设置,默认会去app_name/static找那个寻找静态文件(css,js,jpg,html)等


在 app/models.py 中创建数据库表模板,具体配置如下:

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.
# 问题
class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField(‘date published‘)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text

# 选择
# 配置选择为问题的外键,并配置选择的内容和选择的起始值
class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=Question)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text

2 执行生成迁移文件和迁移并查看

python manage.py   makemigrations

 python manage.py   migrate

结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

3 添加数据进入表中

创建后台登陆用户,设置用户名为admin,密码为

django 进阶之view layer

4 将model中的模型添加进入django admin 后台管理界面

app/admin.py中添加

# Register your models here.
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question, Choice

# Register your models here.
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fieldsets = [
        (None, {‘fields‘: [‘question_text‘]}),
        (‘Date information‘, {‘fields‘: [‘pub_date‘], ‘classes‘: [‘collapse‘]}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]
    list_display = (‘question_text‘, ‘pub_date‘)

admin.site.register(Choice)
admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)

url : localhost:port/admin/

5 登陆后台并添加数据如下

django 进阶之view layer

django 进阶之view layer

6 配置静态文件

demo/setting.py 中配置添加

STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ‘static‘)
]

项目中创建static 并上传图片django.jpg

django 进阶之view layer

7 配置 url

demo/urls.py中配置如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls",namespace="app")),  #此处配置名称空间,用于处理后面的翻转
]

8 app中创建 urls.py 文件,内容如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"), # name 指定名称,
]

django 进阶之view layer

3 view 使用

1 在view中直接嵌入模板,结果如下

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.template import Template, Context
from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.

def index(request):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    template = Template("""
    <img  src="/static/django.jpg">
    {%  if lastes_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question  in  lastes_question_list %}
    <li>  <a  href="/app/ {{question.id}}/"> {{ question.question_text }} </a> </li> 
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
    {% endif %}
    """)
    context = Context({"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list})
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

访问配置,结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

2 使用html 模板如下

django 进阶之view layer

index 代码如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试数据</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="/static/django.jpg">
{% if lastes_question_list %}
<ul>
    {% for question in lastes_question_list %}
    <li>
        <a href="/app/{{question.id}}/"> {{question.question_text}} </a>
    </li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

{% endif%}
</body>
</html>

app/view.py 中代码如下

from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    template = loader.get_template("app/index.html")
    context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

3 index.html不变,app/view 修改

from . import models
from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
    return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)

4 去掉static 和 url中的硬编码及反向解析

根据根路由中注册的namespace和子路由中注册的name来动态获取路径。在模板中使用"{% url namespace:name %}"
如果携带位置参数
“{% url namespace:name args %}"
如果携带关键字参数
“{% url namespace:name k1=v1 k2=v2 %}"


配置 详情页面添加数据

app/view.py 中添加数据如下

from . import models
from django.shortcuts import render

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
    return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)

def detal(request, question_id):
    detal = models.Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    context = {"detal": detal}
    return render(request, template_name="app/detal.html", context=context)

app/urls.py中如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),# name 指定名称,用于后面的反向解析
]

]

详情页html 配置如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试数据</title>
</head>
<body>
{% if detal %}
<h1>{{ detal.question_text }}</h1>
{% for question in detal.choice_set.all %}
<li>
    {{ question.votes }}
    {{ question.choice_text }}
</li>
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}

</body>
</html>

index.html 修改如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    {% load static %}
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试数据</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="{% static  ‘django.jpg‘%}">
{% if lastes_question_list %}
<ul>
    {% for question in lastes_question_list %}
    <li>
        <a href="{% url ‘detal‘ question.id  %}"> {{question.question_text}} </a>
    </li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

{% endif%}
</body>
</html>

2 针对上述项目实现投票机制

1 修改detal 结果如下

此处的app:vote 是对应的namespace 和 name ,及名称空间和名称

<!DOCTYPEhtml>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试数据</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{ detal.question_text }}</h1>
<p>
    <strong>{{error_message}}</strong>
</p>
<form action="{% url ‘app:vote‘ detal.id %}" method="post">
    {% for choice in detal.choice_set.all %}
    <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice {{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}"/>
    <label for="choice {{ forloop.counter }}"> {{ choice.choice_text }} </label>
    <br/>
    {% endfor %}
    <input type="submit" value="投票"/>
</form>

</body>
</html>

2 app/views.py

from . import models
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, reverse

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
    return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)

# 详情页面
def detal(request, question_id):
    detal = models.Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    context = {"detal": detal}
    return render(request, template_name="app/detal.html", context=context)

# 投票结果显示
def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)
    if request.method == "POST":
        choice_id = request.POST.get(‘choice‘, 0)
        try:
            selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=choice_id)
        except  models.Choice.DoesNotExist:
            return render(request, ‘app/detal.html‘, {
                ‘qestion‘: question,
                "error_message": "You didn‘t select  a  choice",
            })
        else:
            selected_choice.votes += 1
            selected_choice.save()
            return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse(‘app:results‘, args=(question.id,)))

# 投票结果显示
def results(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)
    print(question, type(question))
    return render(request, ‘app/results.html‘, {"question": question})

3 templates/app/results.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> {{ question.question_text }} </h1>
<h1> 测试 </h1>

<ul>
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}

    <li>
        {{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes |pluralize }}
    </li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

</body>
</html>

4 投票程序结果如下:

django 进阶之view layer

3 错误页面处理

1 基本页面处理

def test(request):
    # return HttpResponse(‘Not Found‘, status=404)
    return HttpResponseNotFound(‘Not Found‘)

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls"), {"question_id": 1}),  # 此处配置直接捕获question_id 进行处理
    url(r‘^test/$‘, test)
]

上述两种返回错误方式结果相同

2 自定义错误视图

在url中导入,在其他页面使用即可
在 demo/urls.py中导入

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseNotFound

def test(request):
    return HttpResponse(‘Not Found‘, status=404)

handler404 = ‘demo.views.my_custom_page_not_found_view‘
handler500 = ‘demo.views.my_custom_error_found_view‘
handler403 = ‘demo.views.my_custom_permission_denied_view‘
handler400 = ‘demo.views.my_custom_bad_request_request_view‘

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls")),  # 此处配置直接捕获question_id 进行处理
    url(r‘^test/$‘, test)
]

demo/views.py中配置如下

from django.http import HttpResponse

def my_custom_page_not_found_view(request):
    return HttpResponse("页面不存在", status=404)

def my_custom_error_found_view(request):
    return HttpResponse("服务器错误", status=500)

def my_custom_permission_denied_view(request):
    return HttpResponse("拒绝访问", status=403)

def my_custom_bad_request_request_view(request):
    return HttpResponse("请求错误", status=400)

此处需要将demo/setting.py 中的DEBUG修改为False,才会出现此处定义的情况

django 进阶之view layer

结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

django 进阶之view layer

4 相关函数

1 render函数

用于渲染模板和传递参数

def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):
    """
    Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling
    django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.
    """
    content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)
    return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)

选项:

request : 请求参数

template_name:对应的html模板名称

context:渲染模板的context字典,默认是空 {}

content_type : Response MIME type,默认使用DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE 设置

2 redirect 函数

用于页面跳转

def redirect(to, *args, **kwargs):
    pass

选项

to :
此选项可以是
1 模块
2 视图名称
3 absolute或者回调 url

perments 是否永久重定向

为 True 表示永久重定向,否则表示临时重定向

3 get_object_or_404 函数

当对象不存在时返回特定页面404

def get_object_or_404(class, *args, **kwargs):
    pass

第一个参数: 可为Model中对应的数据库表类,后面可为对应的过滤方法

question = get_object_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)

当对象执行成功时,返回对应的值,否则返回404 错误

4 get_list_or_404 函数

当对象不存在时返回特定页面404

question = get_list_or_404(models.Question, pk=question_id)

5 装饰器

require_http_methods(request_method_list)
用于限制请求类型,在此中以列表的形式显示


require_GET()
用于限制请求类型为GET请求


require_POST()
用于限制请求类型为POST 请求


require_safe()
用于限制安全的请求,如get和head


gzip_page()
用于启用gzip压缩功能


cache_control(**kwargs)
缓存相关函数


never_cache()
用于配置永久不缓存


login_required()
用于处理登录后的用户才能访问对应的属性

三 urlconf

1 django 路由匹配概述

1 项目启动后根据 setting ROOT_URLCONF 决定跟URLconf,默认是object中的urls.py

2 它是django.conf.urls.url()实例的一个python 列表

3 django 依次匹配每个URL模式,在于请求的URL匹配的第一个模式停下来。

4 一旦其中的一个正则表达式匹配上,django将导入并调用给出的视图,它是一个简单的python函数(或者一个基于类的视图)。视图将获得如下参数:

一个HttpRequest 实例。

如果匹配的正则表达式返回来了没有命名的组,那么正则表达式匹配的内容将作为位置参数提供给视图。

关键字参数由正则表达式匹配的命名组成,但是可以被django.conf.urls.url()的可选参数kwargs 覆盖。

5 如果没有匹配到正则表达式,或者如果过程中抛出一个异常,django将调用一个适当的错误处理试图。

2 用户请求数据处理过程

django 进阶之view layer

Middlewares: 过滤函数,俗称过滤器,在执行之前和执行之后进行某些操作

3 URL 命名空间

1 两种命名空间

app namespace

instance namespace

2 app namespace

app/urls.py

app_name=‘app‘ # 此中方式和在demo/urls.py中的
url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls",namespace="app")), 作用相同

命名空间的作用主要用作隔离


上述表示使用了此配置后,此配置文件中的所有数据都在此名称空间下,在使用url时,需要在其上面加上名称空间的名称

django 进阶之view layer

3 instance namespace

instance 级别,名称不可以重复

在demo/urls.py中的

url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls",namespace="app")), 用于在项目的urls.py中的include()中指定,作用和上面的相同,均可用于反向解析


说明:

app namespace 使用场景: 通常使用此方式 ,除非有多个include则使用instance namespace

3 url 反向解析

1 解析概述

如果在你的代码中,需要使用一些类似url模板标签,Django提供了下列功能:

正解析: url ->view

反解析: view name -> url

2 reverse

此函数用于通过url中指定的name来返回对应的url

格式如下

reverse(viewname,urlconf=None,args=None,Kwargs=None,current_app=None)
viewname 可以是一个url模式名称或一个可调用的视图对象

django 进阶之view layer

3 reverse_lazy

懒加载下的 reverse

格式如下:
reverse_lazy(viewname, urlconf=None, args=None, kwargs=None, current_app=None)


作用:
提供反向URL作为url基于类的通用视图的属性。
向装饰器提供反向URL(例如装饰器的login_url参数django.contrib.auth.decorators.permission_required() )。
提供反向URL作为函数签名中参数的默认值。


1 在模板中: 使用url 模板标签
2 在python 代码中,使用django.core.urlresolvers.reverse() 函数
3 在更高层的与处理django模型实例相关的代码中,使用get_absolute_url() 方法

4 多种URL

demo.urls.py 中配置如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse

def year(request):
    return HttpResponse("year")

def month(request):
    return HttpResponse("month")

def ymd(request):
    return HttpResponse("year-month-days")

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls")),
    url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/$‘, year),
    url(r‘^[0-9]{2}/$‘, month),
    url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$‘, ymd),
]

说明:

1 若要从URL中捕获一个值,只需要在它周围放置一对圆括号

2 不需要添加一个前导的反斜杠,因为每个URL都有,

3 每个正则表达式前面的‘r‘ 是可选的,建议加上,它告诉python这个字符串是原始的字符串,字符串中的任何意义都不应该被转义。

4 默认捕捉到的都是字符串

5 上述的匹配方式因为加上了$,因此其是绝对匹配

5 URL 无法匹配的错误处理

当django找不到一个匹配请求的URL的正则表达式时,或者当抛出一个异常时,django会将调用有个错误处理视图


默认的错误处理视图

-handler404
-handler500
-handler403
-handler400

6 url 多种组合写法

1 引入配置

demo/urls.py 中如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse

def year(request):
    return HttpResponse("year")

def month(request):
    return HttpResponse("month")

def ymd(request):
    return HttpResponse("year-month-days")

extra_patters = [
    url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/$‘, year),
    url(r‘^[0-9]{2}/$‘, month),
    url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$‘, ymd),

]

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls"), name="app"),
    url(r‘test/‘, include(extra_patters)),  # 引入上述配置的匹配规则
]

django 进阶之view layer

django 进阶之view layer

2 多层级配置

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse

def year(request):
    return HttpResponse("year")

def month(request):
    return HttpResponse("month")

def ymd(request):
    return HttpResponse("year-month-days")

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls"), name="app"),
    url(r‘test/‘, include([

        url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/$‘, year),
        url(r‘^[0-9]{2}/$‘, month),
        url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$‘, ymd),

    ])),  # 引入上述配置的匹配规则
]

3 追加配置

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.http import HttpResponse

def year(request):
    return HttpResponse("year")

def month(request):
    return HttpResponse("month")

def ymd(request):
    return HttpResponse("year-month-days")

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^app/‘, include("app.urls"), name="app"),
    url(r‘test/‘, include([

        url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/$‘, year),
        url(r‘^[0-9]{2}/$‘, month),
        url(r‘^[0-9]{4}/[0-9]{2}/[0-9]{2}/$‘, ymd),

    ])),  # 引入上述配置的匹配规则
]

def log(request):
    return HttpResponse("log")

urlpatterns += [
    url(r‘log/‘, log)
]

结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

6 URL 参数的捕获和继承

demo/urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/app/‘, include("app.urls"), name="app"),  # 此处配置直接捕获question_id 进行处理
]

app/urls.py 中配置如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),
    url(r‘^result$‘, views.result, name="result"),
    url(r‘^vote$‘, views.vote, name="vote"),
]

去除了之前的(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)


app/view.py

修改 index接受参数,需要添加接受此参数,否则其无法访问

def index(request, question_id):
    lastes_question_list = models.Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]
    context = {"lastes_question_list": lastes_question_list}
    return render(request, template_name="app/index.html", context=context)

django 进阶之view layer

传递额外参数

urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/app/‘, include("app.urls"), {"question_id": 1}),  # 此处配置直接捕获question_id 进行处理
]

说明: 此处配置的必须是正则表达式中匹配的值,此处会覆盖正则表达式中匹配的值,此处的question_id,为1

django 进阶之view layer

django 进阶之view layer

五 view 高级部分

1 发送邮件

1 setting.py 中配置如下

需要在项目project.setting.py 中配置相关参数
本项目是在 demo/setting.py 中配置

# 邮件发送相关配置
EMAIL_HOST = "smtp.163.com"  # 服务地址
EMAIL_PORT = 25  # 发送使用的端口
EMAIL_HOST_USER = ""  # 发送邮件使用的账号
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = ""  # 发送授权密码
# EMAIL_USE_TLS=True  # 是否启用TLS 
# EMAIL_USE_SSL=True  # 是否启用SSL

2 send_mail 格式含义如下

def send_mail(subject, message, from_email, recipient_list,
              fail_silently=False, auth_user=None, auth_password=None,
              connection=None, html_message=None):
            pass

其中:
subject 表示邮件的标题
message 表示邮件内容
from_email 表示发件人
recipient_list 表示收件人列表

3 app/views.py 中代码如下

from django.core.mail import send_mail

def sendemail(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        subject = request.POST.get(‘subject‘, ‘‘)
        message = request.POST.get(‘message‘, ‘‘)
        recipient_list = request.POST.get(‘recipient_list‘, ‘‘)
        print(recipient_list)
        if subject and message and recipient_list:
            try:
                send_mail(subject, message=message, from_email=‘‘,
                          recipient_list=[‘‘])
            except  Exception as e:
                return HttpResponse("Invalid header found.")
            return HttpResponseRedirect(‘/app/index‘)
        else:
            return HttpResponse("Make  sure all  fields  are entered  and valid.")
    return render(request, ‘app/sendemail.html‘)

4 app/urls.py 中修改如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$‘, views.result, name="result"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$‘, views.result, name="vote"),
    url(r‘^sendemail/$‘, views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),

5 templates/app/sendemail.html中修改如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>邮件发送</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
    <label> 主题 </label>
    <input type="text" name="subject">
    <br/>
    <label> 内容 </label>
    <input type="text" name="message">
    <br/>
    <label> 发件人列表</label>
    <input type="email" name="recipient_list">
    <br/>
    <input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>

6 结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

7 跳转到如下页面

django 进阶之view layer

2 导出CSV 文件

1 app/views.py中配置如下

import csv
import datetime

def get_csv(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        response = HttpResponse(content_type="text/csv")
        response[‘Content-Disposition‘] = ‘attachment;filename={}.csv‘.format(
            datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
        writer = csv.writer(response)
        writer.writerow(["第一行", 1, 2, 3, 4])
        writer.writerow(["第二行", ‘A‘, ‘B‘, ‘C‘, ‘D‘])
        return response
    return render(request, ‘app/get_csv.html‘)

2 app/urls.py 中配置如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$‘, views.result, name="result"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$‘, views.result, name="vote"),
    url(r‘^sendemail/$‘, views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
    url(r‘^get_csv/$‘, views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),

]

3 templates/app/get_csv.html中配置如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>触发获取get_csv</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
    <input type="submit" value="获取csv">
</form>
</body>
</html>

4 结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

3 上传文件

1 app/views.py 中配置如下

def upload_file(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        print(request.FILES)
        upload_file = request.FILES.get(‘file‘, None)
        if upload_file is None:
            return HttpResponse("Not file get")
        else:
            with  open(‘/tmp/{}‘.format(upload_file.name), ‘wb‘)  as  f:
                f.write(upload_file.read())
            return HttpResponse("{} 文件上传成功,大小为:{}".format(upload_file.name, upload_file.size))
    else:
        return render(request, ‘app/upload_file.html‘)

2 app/urls.py 中配置如下

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$‘, views.result, name="result"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$‘, views.result, name="vote"),
    url(r‘^sendemail/$‘, views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
    url(r‘^get_csv/$‘, views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),
    url(r‘^upload_file/$‘, views.upload_file, name="upload_file"),

]

3 templates/app/upload_file.html中配置如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>上传文件</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">
    <input type="file" name="file">
    <br/>
    <input type="submit" value="上传文件">
</form>
</body>
</html>

4 结果如下

django 进阶之view layer

5 说明

-request.FILES

  • enctype 默认是 "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",上传文件时需要修改为"multipart/form-data"

4 下载文件

1 app.views.py 中配置如下

def download_file(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        f = open(‘/tmp/2020-01-03.csv‘, ‘rb‘)
        response = HttpResponse(f, content_type="application/csv")
        response[‘Content-Disposition‘] = ‘attachment;filename={}.csv‘.format(
            datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
        f.close()
        return response
    else:
        return render(request, ‘app/download_file.html‘)

2 app/urls.py中配置

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from . import views

app_name = "app"
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^index/$‘, views.index, name="index"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)$‘, views.detal, name="detal"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/result$‘, views.result, name="result"),
    url(r‘^(?P<question_id>[0-9]+)/vote$‘, views.result, name="vote"),
    url(r‘^sendemail/$‘, views.sendemail, name="sendemail"),
    url(r‘^get_csv/$‘, views.get_csv, name="getcsv"),
    url(r‘^upload_file/$‘, views.upload_file, name="upload_file"),
    url(r‘^download_file/$‘, views.download_file, name="download_file"),

]

3 templates/app/download_file.html中配置如下

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>下载数据</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
    <input type="submit" value="下载文件">
</form>
</body>
</html>

django 进阶之view layer

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