MySQL单表查询的操作和注意事项
一 、单表查询的语法
基本语法格式:
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field 分租
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field 排序
LIMIT 限制条数
二、 关键字的执行优先级(重点)
重点中的重点:关键字的执行优先级 from -->where--> group by--> having -->select -->distinct -->order by--> limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件,去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by,如果没有group by,则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序:order by
8.限制结果的显示条数
三、 简单查询
company.employee
员工id id int
姓名 emp_name varchar
性别 sex enum
年龄 age int
入职日期 hire_date date
岗位 post varchar
职位描述 post_comment varchar
薪水 salary double
办公室 office int
部门编号 depart_id int
#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);
#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('duoduo','male',18,'20170301','天王盖地虎办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('黑魔导','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('青眼白龙','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('真红眼黑龙','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('黑暗大法师','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('黑暗骑士','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('圣天使','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;
#ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
#简单查询
SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
FROM employee;
SELECT * FROM employee;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee;
#避免重复DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;
#通过四则运算查询
SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;
#定义显示格式
CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
结合CASE语句:
SELECT
(
CASE
WHEN NAME = 'duoduo' THEN
NAME
WHEN NAME = '黑魔导' THEN
CONCAT(name,'_BIGSB')
ELSE
concat(NAME, 'SB')
END
) as new_name
FROM
emp;
四 、WHERE约束
where字句中可以使用:
1. 比较运算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
pattern可以是%或_,
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符:在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询
SELECT name FROM employee
WHERE post='sale';
#2:多条件查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号,需要用IS)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
ps:
执行
update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
再用上条查看,就会有结果了
#5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE '黑%';
通配符’_’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE '黑__';
五 、分组查询:GROUP BY
一 、什么是分组?为什么要分组?
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
#2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
#3、为何要分组呢? 取每个部门的最高工资 取每个部门的员工数 取男人数和女人数 小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
#4、大前提: 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查��post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
二 、ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
#查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下:
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
#!!!注意
ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY的语义就是确定select target list中的所有列的值都是明确语义,简单的说来,在ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式下,target list中的值要么是来自于聚集函数的结果,要么是来自于group by list中的表达式的值。
#设置sql_mole如下操作(我们可以去掉ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY模式):
mysql> set global sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
三 、GROUP BY
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
强调:
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
四 、聚合函数
#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
示例:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
五、 HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!
#!!!执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
mysql> select * from emp where salary > 100000;
mysql> select * from emp having salary > 100000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;#错误,分组后无法直接取到salary字段
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
六、查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
七、 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
示例:
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
八 、使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^d';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '导$';
小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'duoduo';
WHERE name REGEXP '黑魔导';
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