Python基于SMTP协议实现发送邮件功能详解
本文实例讲述了Python基于SMTP协议实现发送邮件功能。分享给大家供大家参考,具体如下:
SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),即简单邮件传输协议,它是一组由源地址到目的地址传送邮件的规则,由它来控制信件的中转方式。Python内置对SMTP的支持,可以发送纯文本邮件、HTML邮件以及带附件的邮件。
Python对SMTP支持有smtplib
和email
两个模块,email
负责构造邮件,smtplib
负责发送邮件。
Python创建SMTP语法如下:
import smtplib smtpObj = mstplib.SMTP(host,port)
创建具有SSL协议的SMTP:
import smtplib smtpObj = mstplib.SMTP_SSL(host,port)
使用SMTP对象发送邮件:
# from_addr:发送者邮箱 # to_addrs:接收者邮箱,list # msg:消息体 smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[], rcpt_options=[])
接下来的示例都是以网易邮箱作为邮箱服务器来写的,网易163免费邮箱相关服务器信息如下:
使用网易邮箱作为发送者邮箱时应注意,邮箱密码并非为邮箱的登录密码,而是客户端授权密码。
发送纯文本邮件
首先,我们需要构造一个消息体:
from email.header import Header from email.mime.text import MIMEText # 第一个参数为邮件正文,第二个参数为MINE的subtype,传入‘plain',最终的MINE就是‘text/plain',最后参数为编码 msg = MIMEText('hello email','palin','utf-8') def _format_addr(s): name,addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr)) # 发送者昵称 msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者昵称 <%s>'%from_addr) # 接收者昵称 msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者昵称 <%s>'%to_addr) # 标题 msg['Subject'] = Header('标题','utf-8').encode()
此时就构造了一个简单的消息体。切记,如果未指定标题以及昵称,并且将其格式化编码,有可能会被认为是辣鸡邮件而导致发送失败!!!
以下就是发送纯文本邮件示例的完整代码:
import smtplib from email.header import Header from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.utils import formataddr,parseaddr host = 'smtp.163.com' port = 25 from_addr = '[email protected]' from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx' to_addr = '[email protected]' def _format_addr(s): name,addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr)) msg = MIMEText('hello email','palin','utf-8') msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者昵称 <%s>'%from_addr) msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者昵称 <%s>'%to_addr) msg['Subject'] = Header('标题','utf-8').encode() smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(host,25) smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1) smtpObj.login(sender,password) smtpObj.sendmail(sender, [receivers], message.as_string()) smtoObj.quit()
值得注意的是,调用sendmail
方法时,接收者邮箱为一个list类型,用于群发功能。
发送HTML邮件
如果有发送HTML邮件的需求,此时我们仍需先够着一个MIMEText
对象,将html字符串传递进来,如下:
htmlStr = ''' <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello SMTP</h1> <p>点击<a href="https://www.baidu.com" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >链接</a></p> </body> </html>''' msg = MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8')
完整代码如下:
import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.header import Header from email.utils import formataddr,parseaddr def _format_addr(s): name,addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr)) server = 'smtp.163.com' from_addr = '[email protected]' from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx' to_addr = '[email protected]' htmlStr = ''' <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>Hello SMTP</h1> <p>点击<a href="https://www.baidu.com" rel="external nofollow" rel="external nofollow" >链接</a></p> </body> </html>''' msg = MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8') msg['From'] = _format_addr("发送者 <%s>"%from_addr) msg['To'] = _format_addr("接收者 <%s>"%to_addr) msg['Subject'] = Header('一个简单的标题','utf-8').encode() smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25) smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1) smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd) smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string()) smtpObj.quit()
发送附件邮件
如果我们有发送附件的需求时,我们该如何改造消息体呢?我们此时可以用MIMEMultipart
构造邮件的本身,传递一个MIMEText
对象来写入邮件的正文,再用MIMEBase
对象存储附件的信息即可,代码如下:
msg = MIMEMultipart() msg.attach(MIMEText('发送一个附件...','plain','utf-8')) path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png') with open(path,'rb') as f: # 设置附件的MIME mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png') # 加上必要的头信息 mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>') mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0') # 读取文件内容 mime.set_payload(f.read()) # 使用base64编码 encode_base64(mime) msg.attach(mime)
完整代码如下:
import smtplib,os from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart,MIMEBase from email.header import Header from email.encoders import encode_base64 from email.utils import formataddr,parseaddr msg = MIMEMultipart() msg.attach(MIMEText('发送一个附件...','plain','utf-8')) def _format_addr(s): name,addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr)) server = 'smtp.163.com' from_addr = '[email protected]' from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx' to_addr = '[email protected]' path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png') with open(path,'rb') as f: mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>') mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0') mime.set_payload(f.read()) encode_base64(mime) msg.attach(mime) msg['From'] = _format_addr("发送者 <%s>"%from_addr) msg['To'] = _format_addr("接收者 <%s>"%to_addr) msg['Subject'] = Header('一个简单的附件邮件','utf-8').encode() smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25) smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1) smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd) smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string()) smtpObj.quit()
发送图片邮件
如果我们需要在一段文本中插入图片作为邮件正文,那么我们该如何实现呢?有人会想用HTML,在里面嵌一个img标签就可以了,但是这样有一个问题,因为img标签是引用一个图片路径的,我们总不能将图片文件也发送过去吧。那么久没有办法了吗,当然有,我们可以结合HTML与附件邮件发送方式来发送图片邮件,首先我们将图片以附件的形式添加进来,再以HTML中img标签引用src='cid:0'
,就可以将图片引用进来了,如下:
msg = MIMEMultipart() path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png') with open(path,'rb') as f: mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>') mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0') mime.set_payload(f.read()) encode_base64(mime) msg.attach(mime) htmlStr = ''' <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>图片标题</h1> <p>插入一个图片<img src="cid:0"/></p> </body> </html>''' msg.attach(MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8'))
完整代码如下:
import smtplib,os from email.mime.text import MIMEText from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart,MIMEBase from email.header import Header from email.encoders import encode_base64 from email.utils import parseaddr,formataddr server = 'smtp.163.com' from_addr = '[email protected]' from_addr_pwd = 'xxxxxx' to_addr = '[email protected]' def _format_addr(s): name,addr = parseaddr(s) return formataddr((Header(name,'utf-8').encode(),addr.encode('utf-8') if isinstance(addr,unicode) else addr)) msg = MIMEMultipart() path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(),'1.png') with open(path,'rb') as f: # 设置附件的MIME mime = MIMEBase('image','png',filename='1.png') # 加上必要的头信息 mime.add_header('Content-Disposition','attachment',filename='1.png') mime.add_header('Content-ID','<0>') mime.add_header('X-Attachment-Id','0') # 读取文件内容 mime.set_payload(f.read()) # 使用base64编码 encode_base64(mime) msg.attach(mime) htmlStr = ''' <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>图片标题</h1> <p>插入一个图片<img src="cid:0"/></p> </body> </html>''' msg.attach(MIMEText(htmlStr,'html','utf-8')) msg['From'] = _format_addr('发送者 <%s>'%from_addr) msg['To'] = _format_addr('接收者 <%s>'%to_addr) msg['Subject'] = Header('发送图片邮件','utf-8').encode() smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP(server,25) smtpObj.set_debuglevel(1) smtpObj.login(from_addr,from_addr_pwd) smtpObj.sendmail(from_addr,[to_addr],msg.as_string()) smtpObj.quit()
如果有多个图片,给它们依次编号,然后引用不同的cid:x
即可。
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