Linux下如何找出并打包文件成 tar 包

Q：我想找出所有的 *.doc 文件并将它们创建成一个 tar 包，然后存储在 /nfs/backups/docs/file.tar 中。是否可以在 Linux 或者类 Unix 系统上查找并 tar 打包文件？

find 命令用于按照给定条件在目录层次结构中搜索文件。tar 命令是用于 Linux 和类 Unix 系统创建 tar 包的归档工具。

How to find and tar files on linux unix

让我们看看如何将 tar 命令与 find 命令结合在一个命令行中创建一个 tar 包。

Find 命令

语法是：

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">path</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">to</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">search </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"file-to-search"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">options</span>
2. <span class="com">##</span><span class="pun">找出所有</span><span class="typ">Perl</span><span class="pun">（*.</span><span class="pln">pl</span><span class="pun">）文件</span><span class="com">##</span>
3. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.pl"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">print</span>
4. <span class="com">##</span><span class="pun">找出所有</span><span class="pun">*.</span><span class="pln">doc </span><span class="pun">文件</span><span class="com">##</span>
5. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">print</span>
6. <span class="com">##</span><span class="pun">找出所有</span><span class="pun">*.</span><span class="pln">sh</span><span class="pun">（</span><span class="pln">shell </span><span class="pun">脚本）并运行</span><span class="kwd">ls</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l </span><span class="pun">命令</span><span class="com">##</span>
7. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">iname </span><span class="str">"*.sh"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">exec</span><span class="kwd">ls</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">l </span><span class="pun">{}</span><span class="pun">+</span>

最后一个命令的输出示例：

1. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rw</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">r</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">r</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">1169</span><span class="typ">Apr</span><span class="lit">4</span><span class="lit">2017</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">backups</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">ansible</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">cluster</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">nginx</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">build</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
2. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">1500</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">36</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">cloudflare</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">pure</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">url</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
3. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">13</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">cmspostupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> postupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
4. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">12</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">cmspreupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> preupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
5. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">cmssuploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> uploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
6. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">13</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">faqpostupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> postupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
7. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">12</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">faqpreupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> preupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
8. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">faquploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> uploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
9. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rw</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">r</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="pln">r</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">778</span><span class="typ">Nov</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">44</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">mirror</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
10. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">136</span><span class="typ">Apr</span><span class="lit">25</span><span class="lit">2015</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">nixcraft</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">com</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="lit">301.sh</span>
11. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">547</span><span class="typ">Jan</span><span class="lit">30</span><span class="lit">2017</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">paypal</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
12. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">531</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">postupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
13. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">437</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">preupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
14. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">1046</span><span class="typ">May</span><span class="lit">18</span><span class="lit">2017</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">purge</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">all</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">cloudflare</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">domain</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
15. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">13</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tipspostupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> postupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
16. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">12</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tipspreupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> preupload</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
17. <span class="pln">lrwxrwxrwx </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="typ">Dec</span><span class="lit">31</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tipsuploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh </span><span class="pun">-></span><span class="pln"> uploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
18. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">1193</span><span class="typ">Oct</span><span class="lit">18</span><span class="lit">2013</span><span class="pun">./</span><span class="pln">bin</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">uploadimage</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
19. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">29</span><span class="typ">Nov</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">33</span><span class="pun">./.</span><span class="kwd">vim</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">plugged</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">neomake</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tests</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">fixtures</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">errors</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>
20. <span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rwxr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">xr</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">x </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> vivek vivek </span><span class="lit">215</span><span class="typ">Nov</span><span class="lit">6</span><span class="lit">14</span><span class="pun">:</span><span class="lit">33</span><span class="pun">./.</span><span class="kwd">vim</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">plugged</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">neomake</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tests</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">helpers</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">trap</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">sh</span>

Tar 命令

要创建 /home/vivek/projects 目录的 tar 包，运行：

1. <span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">cvf </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">home</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">vivek</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">projects</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">home</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">vivek</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">projects</span>

结合 find 和 tar 命令

语法是：

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">dir</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">to</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">search</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">exec</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rvf out</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">{}</span><span class="pln"> \;</span>

或者

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">dir</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">to</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">search</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">exec</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rvf out</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">{}</span><span class="pun">+</span>

例子：

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">exec</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rvf </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tmp</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">all</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">doc</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">files</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="str">"{}"</span><span class="pln"> \;</span>

或者

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="kwd">exec</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">rvf </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tmp</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">all</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">doc</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">files</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="str">"{}"</span><span class="pun">+</span>

这里，find 命令的选项：

• -name "*.doc"：按照给定的模式/标准查找文件。在这里，在 $HOME 中查找所有 *.doc 文件。
• -exec tar ... ：对 find 命令找到的所有文件执行 tar 命令。

这里，tar 命令的选项：

• -r：将文件追加到归档末尾。参数与 -c 选项具有相同的含义。
• -v：详细输出。
• -f out.tar : 将所有文件追加到 out.tar 中。

也可以像下面这样将 find 命令的输出通过管道输入到 tar 命令中：

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.doc"</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">print0 </span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">cvf </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">tmp</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">file</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pun">--</span><span class="kwd">null</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">T </span><span class="pun">-</span>

传递给 find 命令的 -print0 选项处理特殊的文件名。--null 和 -T 选项告诉 tar 命令从标准输入/管道读取输入。也可以使用 xargs 命令：

1. <span class="kwd">find</span><span class="pln"> $HOME </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">type f </span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">name </span><span class="str">"*.sh"</span><span class="pun">|</span><span class="kwd">xargs</span><span class="kwd">tar</span><span class="pln"> cfvz </span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">nfs</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="pln">x230</span><span class="pun">/</span><span class="kwd">my</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">shell</span><span class="pun">-</span><span class="pln">scripts</span><span class="pun">.</span><span class="pln">tgz</span>

有关更多信息，请参阅下面的 man 页面：

1. <span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">man</span><span class="kwd">tar</span>
2. <span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">man</span><span class="kwd">find</span>
3. <span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">man</span><span class="kwd">xargs</span>
4. <span class="pln">$ </span><span class="kwd">man</span><span class="kwd">bash</span>

作者简介：

作者是 nixCraft 的创造者，是一名经验丰富的系统管理员，也是 Linux 操作系统/Unix shell 脚本培训师。他曾与全球客户以及 IT、教育、国防和太空研究以及非营利部门等多个行业合作。在 Twitter、Facebook 和 Google+ 上关注他。

via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-find-tar-files-into-tarball-command/

作者：Vivek Gite 译者：geekpi 校对：wxy

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