Spring学习:IOC

一.Spring概况

  • spring是一个开源框架
  • 是一个轻量的控制反转和面向切面的容器框架
  • 大小和开销都是轻量的。
  • 通过控制反转技术可以达到松耦合的目的
  • 切面编程,允许通过分离应用的业务逻辑。
  • 包含并管理应用对象的配置和生命周期,是一个容器,并且能够组装。

二、IoC

ioc控制反转:控制权转移,应用程序本身不负责依赖对象的创建和维护,而是由外部容器负责和维护。ioc的目的是创建对象并且组装对象之间的关系。

####1.bean容器初始化

  • –org.springframework.beans
  • –org.springframework.context
  • beanfactory 提供配置结构和基本功能,加载并初始化bean
  • applicationContext 保存bean对象并在应用中被应用

2.spring注入:

  • spring 注入是指在启动 spring容器加载bean配置的时候,完成对变量的赋值行为。
  • 常见的注入方式:设值注入、构建注入

举个例子,构建注入

dao层

public interface InjectionDAO {
public void save(String arg);
}
public class InjectionDAOImpl implements InjectionDAO {
public void save(String arg) {
//模拟数据库保存操作
System.out.println("保存数据:" + arg);
}
}

service 层接口:

public interface InjectionService {

	public void save(String arg);

}

service 层实现:

public class InjectionServiceImpl implements InjectionService {
private InjectionDAO injectionDAO;
//构造器注入
public InjectionServiceImpl(InjectionDAO injectionDAO1) {
this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO1;
}
//设值注入
public void setInjectionDAO(InjectionDAO injectionDAO) {
this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO;
}
public void save(String arg) {
//模拟业务操作
System.out.println("Service接收参数:" + arg);
arg = arg + ":" + this.hashCode();
injectionDAO.save(arg);
}

在spring xml中的配置

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd" >

		<bean id="injectionService" class="com.forezp.ioc.injection.service.InjectionServiceImpl">
 	<constructor-arg name="injectionDAO1" ref="injectionDAO"></constructor-arg>
 </bean>
 <bean id="injectionDAO" class="com.forezp.ioc.injection.dao.InjectionDAOImpl"></bean>
 </beans>

单元测试

本系列文章单元测试基类

public class UnitTestBase {

	private ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context;

	private String springXmlpath;

	public UnitTestBase() {}

	public UnitTestBase(String springXmlpath) {
		this.springXmlpath = springXmlpath;
	}

	@Before
	public void before() {
		if (StringUtils.isEmpty(springXmlpath)) {
			springXmlpath = "classpath*:spring-*.xml";
		}
		try {
			context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(springXmlpath.split("[,\\s]+"));
			context.start();
		} catch (BeansException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
		}
	}

	@After
	public void after() {
		context.destroy();
	}

	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	protected <T extends Object> T getBean(String beanId) {
		try {
			return (T)context.getBean(beanId);
		} catch (BeansException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return null;
		}
	}

	protected <T extends Object> T getBean(Class<T> clazz) {
		try {
			return context.getBean(clazz);
		} catch (BeansException e) {
			e.printStackTrace();
			return null;
		}
	}
}

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestInjection extends UnitTestBase {

	public TestInjection() {
		super("classpath:spring-injection.xml");
	}

	@Test
	public void testSetter() {
		InjectionService service = super.getBean("injectionService");
		service.save("这是要保存的数据");
	}

	@Test
	public void testCons() {
		InjectionService service = super.getBean("injectionService");
		service.save("这是要保存的数据");
	}

}

运行打印:

Service接收参数:这是要保存的数据

保存数据:这是要保存的数据:1247298779

这个例子说明,我们可以通过ClassPathXmlApplicationContext.getBean()获取到了service,这个service 是通过xml配置注入到容器中,并且注入的时候通过构造函数的设置了成员变量dao。

三.bean的配置项

####3.1 bean常见的配置项,如下:

  • Id
  • Class
  • Scope
  • Constructor arguments
  • Properties
  • Autowiring mode
  • lazy-initialization mode
  • Initialization/destruction method

3.2 bean的作用域

  • singleton: 单列
  • prototype每次使用都会创建新实例
  • request :每次http请求创建一个实例,仅在当前 request有效
  • session : 当前session有效

举个例子: 测试sinleton和prototype

创建bean实例

public class BeanScope {
public void say() {
System.out.println("BeanScope say : " + this.hashCode());
}
}
在xml中配置,作用域为singleton
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd" >
<bean id="beanScope" class="com.imooc.bean.BeanScope" scope="singleton"></bean>
</beans>
单元测试:
@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestBeanScope extends UnitTestBase {
public TestBeanScope() {
super("classpath*:spring-beanscope.xml");
}
@Test
public void testSay() {
BeanScope beanScope = super.getBean("beanScope");
beanScope.say();
BeanScope beanScope2 = super.getBean("beanScope");
beanScope2.say();
}
}

运行单元测试:

BeanScope say : 1113008012

BeanScope say : 1113008012

在xml中配置,作用域为prototype

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd" >

 <bean id="beanScope" class="com.imooc.bean.BeanScope" scope="prototype"></bean>

 </beans>

运行单元测试

BeanScope say : 144724468

BeanScope say : 1432645272

由此可发现sington在bean容器是一个实例,而prototype创建了二个实例。

四.bean的生命周期

包括以下几个方面:

  • 定义,在xml中配置
  • 初始化
  • 使用
  • 销毁

初始化

有两种方式

  • 实现 InitializingBeean接口,覆盖afterPropertiesSet()
  • 配置init-method方法

销毁

也有两种方式:

  • 实现DisposableBean接口,覆盖destroy();
  • 配置 destroy-method

举个例子:

创建bean实例:

public class BeanLifeCycle implements InitializingBean, DisposableBean {

	public void defautInit() {
		System.out.println("Bean defautInit.");
	}

	public void defaultDestroy() {
		System.out.println("Bean defaultDestroy.");
	}
	@Override
	public void destroy() throws Exception {
		System.out.println("Bean destroy.");
	}
	@Override
	public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
		System.out.println("Bean afterPropertiesSet.");
	}

	public void start() {
		System.out.println("Bean start .");
	}

	public void stop() {
		System.out.println("Bean stop.");
	}

}

bean的配置:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd" 
 default-init-method="defautInit" default-destroy-method="defaultDestroy">

 <bean id="beanLifeCycle" class="com.imooc.lifecycle.BeanLifeCycle" init-method="start" destroy-method="stop"></bean>

 </beans>

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestBeanLifecycle extends UnitTestBase {
public TestBeanLifecycle() {
super("classpath:spring-lifecycle.xml");
}
@Test
public void test1() {
super.getBean("beanLifeCycle");
}
}

运行:

Bean afterPropertiesSet.

Bean start .

Bean destroy.

Bean stop.

同时实现两种方式的初始化方法的执行顺序: 接口实现优先于xml中的配置。

五.bean的自动装配(Autowiring)

  • No: 不做任何操作
  • byname:根据属性名自动装配
  • byType:如果容器存在一个与指定类型相同的bean,则自动装配,如果存在多个,则抛出异常。
  • constructor:与 byType类似,不同之处它在于构造器的参数。

举例子: 1.byName方式:

创建一个dao:

public class AutoWiringDAO {

public void say(String word) {

System.out.println("AutoWiringDAO : " + word);

}

}

创建一个service

public class AutoWiringService {

	private AutoWiringDAO autoWiringDAO;
	public void setAutoWiringDAO(AutoWiringDAO autoWiringDAO) {
		System.out.println("setAutoWiringDAO");
		this.autoWiringDAO = autoWiringDAO;
	}

	public void say(String word) {
		this.autoWiringDAO.say(word);
	}
}

在xml中配置:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"
default-autowire="byName">
<bean id="autoWiringService" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringService" ></bean>
<bean id="autoWiringDAO" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringDAO" ></bean>
</beans>

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestAutoWiring extends UnitTestBase {

	public TestAutoWiring() {
		super("classpath:spring-autowiring.xml");
	}

	@Test
	public void testSay() {
		AutoWiringService service = super.getBean("autoWiringService");
		service.say(" this is a test");
	}
}

运行:

setAutoWiringDAO

AutoWiringDAO : this is a test

通过default-autowire=”byName”; AutoWiringService 自动获取了autoWiringDAO的实例。

2.byTYpe

将在xml中配置改为byType :

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
 xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
 http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd" 
 default-autowire="byName">

 <bean id="autoWiringService" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringService" ></bean>

 <bean id="autoWiringDAO" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringDAO" ></bean>

 </beans>

其他不变,运行和byName 一样。

3.constructor

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"

default-autowire="constructor">

<bean id="autoWiringService" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringService" ></bean>

<bean id="autoWiringDAO" class="com.imooc.autowiring.AutoWiringDAO" ></bean>

</beans>

AutoWiringService 中增加构造器

public class AutoWiringService {

	private AutoWiringDAO autoWiringDAO;

	public AutoWiringService(AutoWiringDAO autoWiringDAO) {
		System.out.println("AutoWiringService");
		this.autoWiringDAO = autoWiringDAO;
	}
	public void setAutoWiringDAO(AutoWiringDAO autoWiringDAO) {
		System.out.println("setAutoWiringDAO");
		this.autoWiringDAO = autoWiringDAO;
	}

	public void say(String word) {
		this.autoWiringDAO.say(word);
	}
}

允行:

AutoWiringDAO : this is a test

六.classPath扫描与组件管理

从spring 3.0开始,spring javaConfig 项目提供了许多特性,包括使用java而不是xml

1.比如注解

@Configuration @Bean @Import @DependsOn

@Component 是一个通用注解,应用于任何bean

@Reposity注解DAO

@Service注解service

@Controller注解controller

2.spring可以自动检测类并注册bean到applicationContext中。比如 @Service @Reposity等

3.< context:annoation-config />会查找applicationContext中bean的注解。

扫描 :< context:component-scan> 包含< context:annoation-config/>,通常只需要使用前者。

<context:component-scan base-package="com.forezp" >

举个例子: 通过扫描获取bean,在xml中的配置:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd" >

<context:component-scan base-package="com.forezp.beanannotation"></context:component-scan>

</beans>

定义一个bean类: 其中scope 注解表示bean的作用域,默认singleton。Component默认类名并将第一个字母小写。

@Scope
@Component
public class BeanAnnotation {

	public void say(String arg) {
		System.out.println("BeanAnnotation : " + arg);
	}

	public void myHashCode() {
		System.out.println("BeanAnnotation : " + this.hashCode());
	}

}

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestBeanAnnotation extends UnitTestBase {

	public TestBeanAnnotation() {
		super("classpath*:spring-beanannotation.xml");
	}

	@Test
	public void testSay() {
		BeanAnnotation bean = super.getBean("beanAnnotation");
		bean.say("This is test.");

		//bean = super.getBean("bean");
		//bean.say("This is test.");
	}
}

运行:

BeanAnnotation : This is test.

七、Autowired

  • @Autowired可以用于setter方法上
  • 可以用于成员变量
  • 可以用于构造器

举个例子:

采用包扫描:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans

http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context

http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd" >

<context:component-scan base-package="com.forezp.beanannotation"></context:component-scan>

</beans>

采用注解:DAO层

@Repository
public class InjectionDAOImpl implements InjectionDAO {

	public void save(String arg) {
		//模拟数据库保存操作
		System.out.println("保存数据:" + arg);
	}
}

service层:

@Service
public class InjectionServiceImpl implements InjectionService {

//	@Autowired
	private InjectionDAO injectionDAO;

	@Autowired
	public InjectionServiceImpl(InjectionDAO injectionDAO) {
		this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO;
	}

//	@Autowired
	public void setInjectionDAO(InjectionDAO injectionDAO) {
		this.injectionDAO = injectionDAO;
	}
	public void save(String arg) {
		//模拟业务操作
		System.out.println("Service接收参数:" + arg);
		arg = arg + ":" + this.hashCode();
		injectionDAO.save(arg);
	}

}

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestInjection extends UnitTestBase {

	public TestInjection() {
		super("classpath:spring-beanannotation.xml");
	}

	@Test
	public void testAutowired() {
		InjectionService service = super.getBean("injectionServiceImpl");
		service.save("This is autowired.");
	}
}

运行:

Service接收参数:This is autowired.

保存数据:This is autowired.:1641742937

八、基于java的容器注解@Bean

  • @Bean 标识一个用于配置和初始化一个由springIoC容器管理的新对象的方法,类似于 xml配置文件的</ bean>

举个例子: 用注解去代替xml文件

@Configuration
public class StoreConfig {

@Bean(name = "stringStore", initMethod="init", destroyMethod="destroy")
	public Store stringStore() {
		return new StringStore();
	}

javabean StringStore类

public class StringStore implements Store<String> {
public void init() {
System.out.println("This is init.");
}
public void destroy() {
System.out.println("This is destroy.");
}
}

单元测试:

@RunWith(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class TestJavabased extends UnitTestBase {

	public TestJavabased() {
		super("classpath*:spring-beanannotation.xml");
	}

	@Test
	public void test() {
		Store store = super.getBean("stringStore");
		System.out.println(store.getClass().getName());
	}

	}

另外可以用ImportResource注解类获取资源文件信息:

@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:config.xml")
public class StoreConfig {


	@Value("${url}")
	private String url;

	@Value("${jdbc.username}")
	private String username;

	@Value("${password}")
	private String password;

九、JSR-250

  • spring支持jsr-250
  • @Resource注解变量或者setter 方法
  • Resource注解有一个name属性,默认该值作为被注入bean的名称。

举个例子:

Dao层:

@Repository

public class JsrDAO {

public void save() {

System.out.println("JsrDAO invoked.");

}

}

service层:

@Service
public class JsrServie {

	@Resource
	private JsrDAO jsrDAO;

//	@Resource
//	public void setJsrDAO(@Named("jsrDAO") JsrDAO jsrDAO) {
	//	this.jsrDAO = jsrDAO;
	//}

	@PostConstruct
	public void init() {
		System.out.println("JsrServie init.");
	}

	@PreDestroy
	public void destroy() {
		System.out.println("JsrServie destroy.");
	}
	public void save() {
		jsrDAO.save();
	}

}

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