初步讲解如何处理Ruby字符串
Ruby语言作为一种完全面向对象的解释型脚本语言,可以帮助我们简单实现许多功能需求。其灵活性逐步的被广大编程人员所接受。
Ruby字符串可以像数字一样处理.我们用单引号('...')或双引号("...")将它们括起来.
- ruby> "abc"
- "abc"
- ruby> 'abc'
- "abc"
单引号和双引号在某些情况下有不同的作用.一个由双引号括起来的字符串允许字符由一个前置的斜杠引出,而且可以用#{}内嵌表达式.而单引号括起来的字符串并不会对Ruby字符串作任何解释;你看到的是什么便是什么.几个例子:
- ruby> print "a\nb\nc","\n"
- a
- c
- nil
- ruby> print 'a\nb\n',"\n"
- a\nb\nc
- nil
- ruby> "\n"
- "\n"
- ruby> '\n'
- "\\n"
- ruby> "\001"
- "\001"
- ruby> '\001'
- "\\001"
- ruby> "abcd #{5*3} efg"
- "abcd 15 efg"
- ruby> var = " abc "
- " abc "
- ruby> "1234#{var}5678"
- "1234 abc 5678"
Ruby字符串操作比C更灵巧,更直观.比如说,你可以用+把几个串连起来,用*把一个串重复好几遍:
ruby> "foo" + "bar" "foobar" ruby> "foo" * 2 "foofoo"
相比之下,在C里,因为需要精确的内存管理,串联Ruby字符串要笨拙的多:
char *s = malloc(strlen (s1)+strlen(s2)+1); strcpy(s, s1); strcat(s, s2); /* ... */ free(s);
但对于Ruby字符串,我们不需要考虑字符串的空间占用问题,这令到我们可以从烦琐的内存管理中解脱出来.
下面是一些字符串的处理,
串联:
ruby> word = "fo" + "o" "foo"
重复:
ruby> wordword = word * 2 "foofoo"
抽取字符(注意:在Ruby字符串里,字符被视为整数):
ruby> word[0] 102 # 102 is ASCII code of `f' ruby> word[-1] 111 # 111 is ASCII code of `o'
(负的索引指从字符串尾算起的偏移量,而不是从串头.)
提取子串:
ruby> herb = "parsley" "parsley" ruby> herb[0,1] "p" ruby> herb[-2,2] "ey" ruby> herb[0..3] "pars" ruby> herb[-5..-2] "rsle"
检查相等:
ruby> "foo" == "foo" true ruby> "foo" == "bar" false
注意:在Ruby 1.0里,以上结果以大写字母出现.
好,让我们来试试这些Ruby字符串特性.下面是一个猜词的谜题,可能"谜题"这个词用在下面的东西上太酷了一点;-)
# save this as guess.rb words = ['foobar', 'baz', 'quux'] secret = words[rand(3)] print "guess? " while guess = STDIN.gets guess.chop! if guess == secret print "You win!\n" break else print "Sorry, you lose.\n" end print "guess? " end print "The word was ", secret, ".\n"
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