Linux 基础一
Linux 常用命令
显示内核版本
[root@centos8 ~]# uname -r 4.18.0-147.el8.x86_64
显示操作系统发型版本
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/centos-release CentOS Linux release 8.1.1911 (Core) [root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/os-release NAME="CentOS Linux" VERSION="8 (Core)" ID="centos" ID_LIKE="rhel fedora" VERSION_ID="8" PLATFORM_ID="platform:el8" PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 8 (Core)" ANSI_COLOR="0;31" CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:8" HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/" BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/" CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-8" CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="8" REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos" REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="8"
显示当前主机的名称
[root@centos8 ~]# hostname centos8.1.abyss
显示CPU型号
[root@centos8 ~]# lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 2 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 142 Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8265U CPU @ 1.60GHz Stepping: 11 CPU MHz: 1799.999 BogoMIPS: 3599.99 Hypervisor vendor: VMware Virtualization type: full L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 6144K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3 Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xsaves arat flush_l1d arch_capabilities
显示内存大小
[root@centos8 ~]# free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1.9Gi 359Mi 882Mi 9.0Mi 722Mi 1.4Gi
Swap: 4.0Gi 0B 4.0Gi查看硬盘和分区情况
[root@centos8 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 967M 0 967M 0% /dev tmpfs 983M 0 983M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 983M 9.2M 974M 1% /run tmpfs 983M 0 983M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda2 100G 4.7G 96G 5% / /dev/sda3 50G 390M 50G 1% /data /dev/sda1 976M 123M 787M 14% /boot /dev/sr0 7.1G 7.1G 0 100% /run/media/abyss/CentOS-8-1-1911-x86_64-dvd
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 200G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot ├─sda2 8:2 0 100G 0 part / ├─sda3 8:3 0 50G 0 part /data ├─sda4 8:4 0 1K 0 part └─sda5 8:5 0 4G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 7G 0 rom /run/media/abyss/CentOS-8-1-1911-x86_64-dvd
重启命令
init 6 reboot shudown -r show
关机命令
init 0 halt pweroff showdown -h now
显示日期和时间
date
[root@centos8 ~]# date --help
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
or: date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not ‘now‘
--debug annotate the parsed date,
and warn about questionable usage to stderr
-f, --file=DATEFILE like --date; once for each line of DATEFILE
-I[FMT], --iso-8601[=FMT] output date/time in ISO 8601 format.
FMT=‘date‘ for date only (the default),
‘hours‘, ‘minutes‘, ‘seconds‘, or ‘ns‘
for date and time to the indicated precision.
Example: 2006-08-14T02:34:56-06:00
-R, --rfc-email output date and time in RFC 5322 format.
Example: Mon, 14 Aug 2006 02:34:56 -0600
--rfc-3339=FMT output date/time in RFC 3339 format.
FMT=‘date‘, ‘seconds‘, or ‘ns‘
for date and time to the indicated precision.
Example: 2006-08-14 02:34:56-06:00
-r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE
-s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING
-u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
--help display this help and exit
--version output version information and exit
FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are:
%% a literal %
%a locale‘s abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun)
%A locale‘s full weekday name (e.g., Sunday)
%b locale‘s abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan)
%B locale‘s full month name (e.g., January)
%c locale‘s date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005)
%C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20)
%d day of month (e.g., 01)
%D date; same as %m/%d/%y
%e day of month, space padded; same as %_d
%F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d
%g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G)
%G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V
%h same as %b
%H hour (00..23)
%I hour (01..12)
%j day of year (001..366)
%k hour, space padded ( 0..23); same as %_H
%l hour, space padded ( 1..12); same as %_I
%m month (01..12)
%M minute (00..59)
%n a newline
%N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999)
%p locale‘s equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known
%P like %p, but lower case
%q quarter of year (1..4)
%r locale‘s 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM)
%R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M
%s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
%S second (00..60)
%t a tab
%T time; same as %H:%M:%S
%u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday
%U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53)
%V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53)
%w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday
%W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53)
%x locale‘s date representation (e.g., 12/31/99)
%X locale‘s time representation (e.g., 23:13:48)
%y last two digits of year (00..99)
%Y year
%z +hhmm numeric time zone (e.g., -0400)
%:z +hh:mm numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00)
%::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00)
%:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30)
%Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT)
By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes.
The following optional flags may follow ‘%‘:
- (hyphen) do not pad the field
_ (underscore) pad with spaces
0 (zero) pad with zeros
^ use upper case if possible
# use opposite case if possible
After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number;
then an optional modifier, which is either
E to use the locale‘s alternate representations if available, or
O to use the locale‘s alternate numeric symbols if available.
Examples:
Convert seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01 UTC) to a date
$ date --date=‘@2147483647‘
Show the time on the west coast of the US (use tzselect(1) to find TZ)
$ TZ=‘America/Los_Angeles‘ date
Show the local time for 9AM next Friday on the west coast of the US
$ date --date=‘TZ="America/Los_Angeles" 09:00 next Fri‘
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Full documentation at: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/date>
or available locally via: info ‘(coreutils) date invocation‘用户登录
[root@centos8 ~]# whoami root [root@centos8 ~]# who am i root pts/2 2020-10-05 09:50 (10.0.0.1) [root@centos8 ~]# who root tty3 2020-09-22 19:24 root tty4 2020-09-22 19:25 root tty1 2020-09-22 20:17 root pts/1 2020-09-25 14:20 (10.0.0.1) root pts/2 2020-10-05 09:50 (10.0.0.1) [root@centos8 ~]# w 10:06:46 up 4:02, 6 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root tty3 - 22Sep20 12days 0.86s 0.86s -bash root tty4 - 22Sep20 12days 0.03s 0.03s -bash root tty1 - 22Sep20 17:10 2.22s 2.22s -bash root pts/1 10.0.0.1 25Sep20 9days 0.07s 0.07s -bash root pts/2 10.0.0.1 09:50 6.00s 0.11s 0.00s w
显示字符
echo
[root@centos8 ~]# echo "hello" hello [root@centos8 ~]# echo $PATH /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
Linux三大主流发行版
Debian、RedHat、SUSE
Debian是包括Ubuntu在内的多发行版的上游
- Debian是一个纯开源计划并重点关注稳定性
- Debian三个版本分支：Stable，testing和unstable
- Ubuntu是基于Debian的unstable 版本加强而来的
RedHat Linux系列由红帽公司研发的linux发行版，包括Fedora、RHEL、CentOS和Oracle Linux多种版本
linux哲学思想
- 一切皆文件
- 提供很多小型的单一用途的程序
- 连接程序，共同完成复杂功能
- 避免令人困惑的用户界面
- 配置数据存储在文本中
配置环境变量，实现执行history命令时可以看到执行命令时间
[root@centos8 ~]# cat .bash_profile
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
[root@centos8 ~]# export PATH
[root@centos8 ~]# export HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth
[root@centos8 ~]# export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%F %T"
[root@centos8 ~]# history
1 2020-10-05 09:50:43cd /etc
2 2020-10-05 09:50:43ls
3 2020-10-05 09:50:43cat /etc/issue
4 2020-10-05 09:50:43vi /etc/issue
5 2020-10-05 09:50:43echo ￥SHELLCentOS7 安装
Workstations 部分操作
编辑虚拟机配置，插入ISO光盘：
启动虚拟机，Workstation部分结束。
CentOS 7 安装部分
Test OR install CentOS7
DATE & TIME：Aisa/shanghai
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