sql中的left join及on、where条件关键字的区别详解

LEFT JOIN 关键字会从左表 (table_name1) 那里返回所有的行，即使在右表 (table_name2) 中没有匹配的行。

LEFT JOIN 关键字语法

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2 
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

注释：在某些数据库中， LEFT JOIN 称为 LEFT OUTER JOIN。

创建两张表并插入一些数据

create table class(
 class_id int,
 class_name varchar(20),
 class_grade char(1)
);
insert into class values (1,'语文','A');
insert into class values (2,'数学','B');
insert into class values (3,'英语','C');
create table score(
 class_id int,
 stu_id varchar(20),
 Score int
);
insert into score values (1,'A001',91);
insert into score values (2,'A001',95);
insert into score values (1,'A002',82);
insert into score values (2,'A002',87);
insert into score values (3,'B003',65);

查看表中的数据

mysql> select * from class;
+----------+------------+-------------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade |
+----------+------------+-------------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |
+----------+------------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from score;
+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    2 | A001  |  95 |
|    1 | A002  |  82 |
|    2 | A002  |  87 |
|    3 | B003  |  65 |
+----------+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

比较下面几组查询结果

--如果你对left join足够熟悉的话，先不要看结果，是否可以直接说出下面查询的结果

mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A001  |  95 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A002  |  82 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A002  |  87 |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |    3 | B003  |  65 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and 1=1;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A001  |  95 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A002  |  82 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A002  |  87 |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |    3 | B003  |  65 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and 1=0;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on 1=0;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> left join的最重要特点是：不管on后面是什么条件，都会返回左表中的所有行！

mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='语文';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A002  |  82 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='数学';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A001  |  95 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A002  |  87 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='英语';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    3 | 英语    | C      |    3 | B003  |  65 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='体育';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

如果on后面的条件是左表中的列(and leftTable.colName='***'),左表中满足条件的行和右表中的行进行匹配(根据on leftTable.id=rightTable.id)；左表中不满足条件的行，直接输出，其对应的右表中的列都是null。

mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and B.Score=90;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and B.Score=65;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    3 | 英语    | C      |    3 | B003  |  65 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>

如果on后面的条件是右表中的列(and rightTable.colName='***'),首先会根据(and rightTable.colName='***')过滤掉右表中不满足条件的行；然后，左表中的行根据(on leftTable.id=rightTable.id)和右表中满足条件的行进行匹配。

mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='语文' and B.Score=90;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='语文' and B.Score=91;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='体育' and B.Score=90;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id and A.class_name='体育' and B.Score=82;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
|    3 | 英语    | C      |   NULL | NULL  | NULL |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

/**********************过滤条件在on中时**********************/

总结一下，如果 left join on leftTable.id=rightTable.id 后还有其他条件：

(1)and leftTable.colName='***'，过滤左表，但是左表不满足条件的行直接输出，并将右表对应部分置为null
(2)and rightTable.colName='***'，过滤右表，对左表没有影响
(3)and leftTable.colName='***' and rightTable.colName='***'，就是上面(1)和(2)一起发挥作用

不管on后面有哪些条件，left join都要返回左表中的所有行！

mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='语文';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A002  |  82 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='数学';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A001  |  95 |
|    2 | 数学    | B      |    2 | A002  |  87 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='英语';
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    3 | 英语    | C      |    3 | B003  |  65 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='体育';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where B.Score=90;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where B.Score=91;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='语文' and B.Score=90;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='语文' and B.Score=91;
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
| class_id | class_name | class_grade | class_id | stu_id | Score |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
|    1 | 语文    | A      |    1 | A001  |  91 |
+----------+------------+-------------+----------+--------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='体育' and B.Score=90;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class A left join score B on A.class_id=B.class_id where A.class_name='体育' and B.Score=91;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

/**********************过滤条件在where中时**********************/

过滤条件写在where中时，先根据where条件对表进行过滤，然后再执行left join

总结