Linux升级wget/curl用于下载https文件的过程
因为需要提升服务器的性能以及支持mysql
更新版本的某些特性,因此决定升级mysql
版本从5.1.30
到8.0
,目标确定下来就开始干。
mysql
安装方式选择
在Linux
上安装应用,一般有三种方式,优劣对比分别为:
因此我们选择二进制安装,安装简单、方便,支持多个mysql
版本同时存在。
在Linux
上安装二进制版本的应用,统一为三步:
// 通过配置自动生成文件 ./configure // 编译文件 make // 检查自测单元,看编译是否通过,可以省略该步,不影响安装 make check // 安装 make install
卸载通过二进制安装的程序:
// 方式一: 在编译目录里执行卸载 make uninstall // 方式二:找到安装目录,然后删除,如nettle程序 $find / -name nettle /usr/include/nettle rm -rf /usr/include/nettle
wget&curl
不支持https
下载
我们可以在mysql
官网下载最新版本的mysql8.0.13二进制文件,注意官网提供的下载链接是https
协议的,当我们在服务器执行下载命令:
// 使用wget或者curl来下载文件 wget https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 curl -O https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751
会报错:
// wget 加上--no-check-certificate 依然不可以 $wget https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 --2018-12-12 16:57:54-- https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 Resolving dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)... 137.254.60.11 Connecting to dev.mysql.com (dev.mysql.com)|137.254.60.11|:443... connected. GnuTLS: A TLS fatal alert has been received. GnuTLS: received alert [40]: Handshake failed Unable to establish SSL connection. // curl 加上--insecure依然不可以 $curl https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 curl: (35) SSL connect error
根据网上查询到的答案,原因均为版本过低,当前的版本不支持https
协议的下载:
So the error actually happens with www.coursera.org and the reason is missing support for SNI. You need to upgrade your version of wget.
当前的版本:
$wget --version GNU Wget 1.16.3 built on linux-gnu. +digest +https +ipv6 +iri +large-file +nls +ntlm +opie -psl +ssl/gnutls Wgetrc: /usr/local/etc/wgetrc (system) Locale: /usr/local/share/locale Compile: gcc -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -DSYSTEM_WGETRC="/usr/local/etc/wgetrc" -DLOCALEDIR="/usr/local/share/locale" -I. -I../lib -I../lib -DHAVE_LIBGNUTLS -DNDEBUG Link: gcc -DHAVE_LIBGNUTLS -DNDEBUG -lpcre -lnettle -lgnutls -lz -lidn -lrt ftp-opie.o gnutls.o http-ntlm.o ../lib/libgnu.a Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Originally written by Hrvoje Niksic <[email protected]>. Please send bug reports and questions to <[email protected]>. ------------------ $curl.7.19.7 --version curl 7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.13.1.0 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.2.2 Protocols: tftp ftp telnet dict ldap ldaps http file https ftps scp sftp Features: GSS-Negotiate IDN IPv6 Largefile NTLM SSL libz
wget
升级
既然是版本过低,升级即可,直接安装新版本的wget,然后卸载掉原有的wget
文件即可。
下载完成1.20
版本之后
// 获得文件wget-1.20.tar.gz wget http://mirror.sergal.org/gnu/wget/wget-1.20.tar.gz // 解压缩 tar -xzvf wget-1.20.tar.gz // 进入解压后的文件夹 cd wget-1.20 // 开始配置 ./configure // 然而报错了: ... checking for GNUTLS... no configure: error: Package requirements (gnutls) were not met: No package 'gnutls' found Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you installed software in a non-standard prefix. Alternatively, you may set the environment variables GNUTLS_CFLAGS and GNUTLS_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config. See the pkg-config man page for more details.
报错信息显示我们没有安装gnutls
依赖,需要继续进行安装,更为详细的报错信息,可以查看config.log
:
// 查看详细报错信息 vim config.log ... PKG_CONFIG='/usr/local/bin/pkg-config' ... configure:44443: checking for GNUTLS configure:44450: $PKG_CONFIG --exists --print-errors "gnutls" Package gnutls was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `gnutls.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'gnutls' found configure:44453: $? = 1 configure:44467: $PKG_CONFIG --exists --print-errors "gnutls" Package gnutls was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `gnutls.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'gnutls' found configure:44470: $? = 1 configure:44484: result: no No package 'gnutls' found configure:44500: error: Package requirements (gnutls) were not met: No package 'gnutls' found Consider adjusting the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable if you installed software in a non-standard prefix. Alternatively, you may set the environment variables GNUTLS_CFLAGS and GNUTLS_LIBS to avoid the need to call pkg-config. See the pkg-config man page for more details.
这里可以看出配置脚本实际是执行了:
$ /usr/local/bin/pkg-config --exists --print-errors "gnutls" Package gnutls was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `gnutls.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'gnutls' found
安装gnutls
库
gnutls
全称 GNU Transport Layer Security Library
,即基于GNU
版权协议的传输层安全协议,是wget
支持https
中的ssl
协议的基础库。
我们可以在官方提供的镜像库里快速下载并安装:
// 下载gnutls二进制文件 wget http://www.ring.gr.jp/pub/net/gnupg/gnutls/v3.6/gnutls-3.6.4.tar.xz // 解压xz文件 xz -d gnutls-3.6.4.tar.xz tar -xvf gnutls-3.6.4.tar cd gnutls-3.6.4 ./configure // 报错: ... checking for NETTLE... no configure: error: *** *** Libnettle 3.4 was not found.
// 如果觉得可能不安全,可以下载md5签名文件验证文件,但是这个文件验证后发现签名过期了,所以没办法验证了
wget http://www.ring.gr.jp/pub/net...
gpg --verify gnutls-3.6.4.tar.xz.sig gnutls-3.6.4.tar
gpg --recv-key F1679A65
gpg --verify --verbose gnutls-3.6.4.tar.xz.sig gnutls-3.6.4.tar
查看详细报错信息:
$ vim config.log ... configure:10032: checking for NETTLE configure:10039: $PKG_CONFIG --exists --print-errors "nettle >= 3.4" Package nettle was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `nettle.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'nettle' found configure:10042: $? = 1 configure:10056: $PKG_CONFIG --exists --print-errors "nettle >= 3.4" Package nettle was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `nettle.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'nettle' found configure:10059: $? = 1 configure:10073: result: no No package 'nettle' found configure:10090: error: *** *** Libnettle 3.4 was not found.
结果显示我们需要3.4
版本以上的Libnettle
库,继续安装。
安装Libnettle
库
Nettle
库是用于跨平台的底层密码库,包含加密和解密的不同算法。我们下载并安装nettle库:
wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/nettle/nettle-3.4.1.tar.gz tar -xzvf nettle-3.4.1.tar.gz cd nettle-3.4.1 ./configure // 安装成功 ... configure: summary of build options: Version: nettle 3.4.1 Host type: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu ABI: 64 Assembly files: x86_64 Install prefix: /usr/local Library directory: ${exec_prefix}/lib64 Compiler: gcc Static libraries: yes Shared libraries: yes Public key crypto: no Using mini-gmp: no Documentation: yes make make install
根据官方文档,我们安装完成后应该会有两个文件lib{hogweed,nettle}.so
,然而我们只能发现其中一个:
make install &&
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/lib{hogweed,nettle}.so &&
install -v -m755 -d /usr/share/doc/nettle-3.4.1 &&
install -v -m644 nettle.html /usr/share/doc/nettle-3.4.1
$ ll | grep '\.so' -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 3675341 Dec 12 19:15 libnettle.so $ ll | grep weed -rw-rw-r-- 1 work work 529 Dec 10 15:30 hogweed.pc -rw-r--r-- 1 work work 590 Nov 19 2017 hogweed.pc.in -rw-rw-r-- 1 work work 298 Dec 10 15:30 libhogweed.map -rw-r--r-- 1 work work 338 Nov 19 2017 libhogweed.map.in
少了一个libhogweed.so
文件,稍后我们编译gnutls
时会发现这个导致的问题。
继续编译gnutls
既然Nettle
安装完成了,我们可以继续安装gnutls
:
./configure ... configure: error: *** *** Libnettle 3.4 was not found.
依然报错缺失库,但我们明明已经安装了,为什么找不到呢?我们用包管理工具查找一下:
$ pkg-config --modversion nettle Package nettle was not found in the pkg-config search path. Perhaps you should add the directory containing `nettle.pc' to the PKG_CONFIG_PATH environment variable No package 'nettle' found
我们找下这个nettle.pc
刚才安装到哪里去了:
$ locate nettle.pc /home/work/lib/nettle-3.4.1/nettle.pc /home/work/lib/nettle-3.4.1/nettle.pc.in /usr/lib64/pkgconfig/nettle.pc /usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig/nettle.pc
而我们pkg-config
默认的管理包检索路径为/usr/lib/pkgconfig
,所以无法正常找到,参考pkgconfig文档,有两种方案:
// 方案一:链接该文件到默认目录中 ln -s /usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig/nettle.pc /usr/lib/pkgconfig/nettle.pc // 方案二:全局变量中更改包的检索路径(只在本次终端窗口生效,退出后恢复,所以只能临时使用一下) $ echo $PKG_CONFIG_PATH $ export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=$PKG_CONFIG_PATH:/usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig/ $ echo $PKG_CONFIG_PATH :/usr/local/lib64/pkgconfig/ // 任一方案执行后结果 $ pkg-config --modversion nettle 3.4.1
此时,我们继续安装:
$ ./configure ... checking for NETTLE... yes checking for HOGWEED... no configure: error: *** *** Libhogweed (nettle's companion library) was not found. Note that you must compile nettle with gmp support.
可以看到,我们的Nettle
库已经安装成功,但是hogweed
却检查没有找到,提示中也写明了libhogweed
需要字gmp
库已经安装完成的情况下重新编译Nettle
才可以被安装。
有人提出过相关的问题,我们也可以从官网文档上更详细的知道这个Nettle
对于libhogweed
的依赖:
5 Linking
Nettle actually consists of two libraries, libnettle and libhogweed. The libhogweed library contains those functions of Nettle that uses bignum operations, and depends on the GMP library. With this division, linking works the same for both static and dynamic libraries.If an application uses only the symmetric crypto algorithms of Nettle (i.e., block ciphers, hash functions, and the like), it’s sufficient to link with -lnettle. If an application also uses public-key algorithms, the recommended linker flags are -lhogweed -lnettle -lgmp. If the involved libraries are installed as dynamic libraries, it may be sufficient to link with just -lhogweed, and the loader will resolve the dependencies automatically.
总而言之,就是没有libhogweed.so
这个文件不行,而它只能由Nettle
进行安装。根据nettle库官方资料显示,libhogweed.so
应该在Nettle
安装时被自动生成,然而我们在上面的安装过程中并没有生成。那是不是因为我没有安装gmp
导致的呢?
安装gmp
库
我们下载gmp库并安装,可以在编译Nettle
的config.log
中查看有一条warning
,指明了版本需求:
$ vim config.log ... configure:6583: result: no configure:6594: WARNING: GNU MP not found, or too old. GMP-6.0 or later is needed, see https://gmplib.org/. Support for public key algorithms will be unavailable.
所以我们需要下载6.0
版本后的:
// 这里我只找到了官网的https版本,没办法,只好本地下载,然后rz到服务器,因为是二进制文件,要带上-be参数 rz -be // 然后正常编译 $ ./configure & make & make install ... Libraries have been installed in: /usr/local/lib If you ever happen to want to link against installed libraries in a given directory, LIBDIR, you must either use libtool, and specify the full pathname of the library, or use the '-LLIBDIR' flag during linking and do at least one of the following: - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_LIBRARY_PATH' environment variable during execution - add LIBDIR to the 'LD_RUN_PATH' environment variable during linking - use the '-Wl,-rpath -Wl,LIBDIR' linker flag - have your system administrator add LIBDIR to '/etc/ld.so.conf'
这里提醒我们需要将动态库链接到缓存中,我们采用第四种方案,可以参考ldconfig命令:
$ vim /etc/ld.so.conf // 添上安装的.so文件路径 /usr/local/lib :wq $ ldconfig $ ldconfig -v | grep gmp libgmp.so.10 -> libgmp.so.10.3.2 libgmpxx.so.4 -> libgmpxx.so.4.1.0 libgmp.so.3 -> libgmp.so.3.5.0
看到libgmp.so.10
就是我们安装的最新版本,现在OK了。
然后重新编译安装Nettle
,会生成libhogweed.so
文件:
$ ll | grep weed -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 541 Dec 12 22:12 hogweed.pc -rw-r--r-- 1 work work 590 Nov 19 2017 hogweed.pc.in -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6154192 Dec 12 22:13 libhogweed.a -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 298 Dec 12 22:12 libhogweed.map -rw-r--r-- 1 work work 338 Nov 19 2017 libhogweed.map.in -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 5519996 Dec 12 22:13 libhogweed.so -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Dec 12 22:13 libhogweed.stamp
请注意如果安装完成后,如果出现多个版本的gmp库,请删除老版本的。具体删除哪一项请自行斟酌,我删除了所有的,然后在编译的过程中,会报错:can't find libgmp.so.3,说明libgmp.so.3这个是基础库,请不要动!
等我删除了老版本的,重新编译nettle就OK。如果你安装成功了新版本,依然编译不成功,请参考这个。
依赖地狱
用二进制来安装的时候,总是会出现各种各样的问题,缺少各种依赖的包,解决方法就是缺什么就去安什么,但是会非常恐怖。为了解决Nettle
安装的问题,除了上面的gmp
,我还安装了最新版本的各种库:
- libunistring: https://www.gnu.org/software/...
- p11-kit:https://github.com/p11-glue/p...
- libffi:https://sourceware.org/libffi/
- pkg-config: https://pkg-config.freedeskto...
- libtasn1: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/libta...
同时,由于gnutls
编译不通过的问题,又升级了pkg-config
,它依赖于Libtasn1
。
继续安装gnutls
库(失败、暂时放弃更新)
./configure // 此时没有错误信息了,但是还有很多WARNING信息 *** autogen not found. Will not link against libopts. *** You will not be able to create source packages with 'make dist' because gtk-doc >= 1.14 is not found. *** LIBIDN2 was not found. You will not be able to use IDN2008 support *** libunbound was not found. Libdane will not be built. *** trousers was not found. TPM support will be disabled. *** `guile-snarf' from Guile not found. Guile bindings not built. *** The DNSSEC root key file in /etc/unbound/root.key was not found. *** This file is needed for the verification of DNSSEC responses. *** Use the command: unbound-anchor -a "/etc/unbound/root.key" *** to generate or update it. // 继续编译,又报错了 make ... tlsproxy/buffer.c:40: error: redefinition of typedef 'buffer_t' tlsproxy/buffer.h:31: note: previous declaration of 'buffer_t' was here
暂时放弃更新wget
,过几天继续尝试,解决各种问题太费时间了
如果想要减少warning
信息,可以更新autogen
等库:
- autogen: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/autog...
- guile: http://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/guile/
- gcc: http://ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp...
- mpc: https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/mpc/
安装autogen过程中需要依赖guile,然而安装guile时又报错:guile configure: error: Cannot find a type to use in place of socklen_t
放弃更新autogen。
尝试curl
更新,层层依赖,放弃
$ curl https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 curl: (35) SSL connect error
根据报错原因和网上资料是由于版本过老,需要更新curl
版本。
从官方地址下载curl后安装,再次用新版本的curl
请求:
$ curl https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/file/?id=480751 curl: (35) error:14077410:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:sslv3 alert handshake failure
还是报错,根据上面的资料,如果依然不能解决问题,需要更新NSS
,NSS
和OpenSSl
类似,都属于底层密码学,由Mozilla
维护,MDN文档提供安装说明,它跟前面的二进制文件略有不同,不提供configure
自动配置,详细的查看它的文档。
安装NSS库比较麻烦,还需要再安装GYP库,想起来又是层层嵌套的依赖关系,放弃更新。
解决方案:本地下载,rz
上传
在耗费两天的时间后,我及时的终止了无畏的尝试,转而使用本地下载mysql8.0
文件,然后rz -be
上传到服务器,搞定。
总结
Linux
上层层依赖的二进制文件安装简直是地狱版的体验,在给我们带来高自由度的同时也有无尽的烦恼,然而yum
安装版本又过低,不能满足需求。虽然最终还是没有成功更新wget
或者curl
,但是在整个过程中,也学习到了很多的新东西,在这篇文章总结一下过程,希望也能帮助一些人在某一步骤遇到的问题。
解决问题整体思路和过程
参考资料
- mysql8.0官网下载地址:https://dev.mysql.com/downloa...
- Mysql三种安装方式详解:https://www.jianshu.com/p/a04...
- [StackOverFlow] wget ssl alert handshake failure:https://stackoverflow.com/que...
- 卸载二进制程序:http://www.blogjava.net/zhyiw...
- wget下载地址:http://mirror.sergal.org/gnu/...
- gnutls下载地址:http://www.ring.gr.jp/pub/net...
- 利用.sig文件验证数据的完整性:https://blog.csdn.net/xiazhiy...
- 下载安装nettle http://www.linuxfromscratch.o...
- nettle官方文档:http://www.lysator.liu.se/~ni...
- gmp下载地址:https://gmplib.org/
- ldconfig命令:http://man.linuxde.net/ldconfig
- SecureCRT rz 上传文件失败问题:https://blog.csdn.net/heavend...
- 初识NSS,一文了解全貌:https://cloud.tencent.com/dev...
- MDN文档 NSS:https://developer.mozilla.org...
- curl: (35) SSL connect error:https://stackoverflow.com/que...
- 简述configure、pkg-config、pkg_config_path三者的关系:http://www.mike.org.cn/articl...
- How to compile GnuTLS: https://stackoverflow.com/que...