手把手教你搭建Oracle 11g DataGuard
一、前期准备
在准备搭建DataGuard的时候，看过许多篇教程，按着教程去走，出现过问题，然后就不知道该如何进行下一步。
后来去看了官方文档的，整理一下思路后事情就简单多了。
以一主主库一备库为例，搭建DG的思路如下：
关闭防火墙。
配置ssh互信（非必须，减少SCP时输入密码的次数）
主库上的操作：
1）开启归档模式，开启forced logging；
2）添加standby logfile，standby logfile组比logfile组多一个；
3）修改参数文件
4）配置listener.ora 和tnsnames.ora
5）备份数据库和控制文件
备库准备：
1）将主库上的参数文件、密码文件拷贝到备库上，修改参数文件；
2）将主库上的listener.ora 和tnsnames.ora复制到备库上，修改listener.ora文件
3）将备份复制到备库上
4）在备库上创建对应的文件夹
5）启动备库到nomount模式
6）在备库上使用RMAN恢复数据库
7）备库上添加standby logfile
8）应用归档
9）查看状态
二、基本配置准备
2.1 primary服务器安装数据库软件并安装ORCL数据库，standby服务器上安装
2.2 关闭防火墙
primary服务器关闭防火墙：
standby服务器关闭防火墙
2.3 配置ssh互信
百度下“linux scp免密码”，随便找篇文章看下。
[Oracle@primary dbs]$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
[oracle@primary dbs]$ scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]:/home/oracle/.ssh/authorized_keys
三、主库配置
1）enable forced logging:
SQL> ALTER DATABASE FORCE LOGGING;
查看是否已经是归档模式,如果是未归档模式，则将其修改成归档模式。
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
SQL> STARTUP MOUNT;
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN;
3）配置standby logfile文件，当主库变成备库时，可以接收来自备库的日志。
alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_021.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_022.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_023.log') size 50M;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_024.log') size 50M;
3）配置主库的参数：这里有两种方式，一种是使用alter system 来修改参数，另外一种是生成静态参数文件之后修改参数；我采用的是后一种配置方式。
参数的配置参考Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration 11g Release 2 (11.2) E41134-03中3-3和3-4页
initorcl.ora已经有的参数，可以不用配置。
SQL> create pfile from spfile;
[oracle@primary ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@primary dbs]$ vim initorcl.ora
#primary
#*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_unique_name=pri
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(pri,sty)'
#*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= 'LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/arch VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=pri'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= 'SERVICE=sty ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=sty'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc
#standby role
*.FAL_SERVER=sty
*.DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT= '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> create spfile from pfile;
4）主库上配置listener.ora 和tnsnames.ora
主库上的listener.ora ：
[oracle@primary admin]$ cat listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC =
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ORCL)
(ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1)
(SID_NAME = ORCL)
)
)
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.62.201)(PORT = 1521))
)
ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle
主库上的tnsnames.ora：
[oracle@primary admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
PRI =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.62.201)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = orcl)
)
)
STY =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS_LIST =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.62.202)(PORT = 1521))
)
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SID = orcl)
)
)
修改完成之后要重启监听。
5）备份数据库和控制文件
[oracle@primary admin]$ rman target sys/asd@pri
RMAN> backup database format '/u01/app/oracle/backup/full_db_%U';
SQL> ALTER DATABASE CREATE STANDBY CONTROLFILE AS '/u01/app/oracle/backup/sty.ctl';
四、备库上的操作
1）将主库上的参数文件、密码文件拷贝到备库上，修改参数文件；
[oracle@primary admin]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@primary dbs]$ scp initorcl.ora orapworcl [email protected]:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/
修改参数文件：
vim /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl.ora
*.db_name='orcl'
*.DB_UNIQUE_NAME=sty
*.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT= '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=log%t_%s_%r.arc
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/u01/app/oracle/arch VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=sty'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=pri ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=pri'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
*.REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE
*.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
*.FAL_SERVER=pri
标红的是修改的部分
密码文件说明：主库上有授权或者收回sysdba时，要更新备库上的密码文件。
2）将主库上的listener.ora 和tnsnames.ora复制到备库上，修改listener.ora文件
主库上执行：
[oracle@primary admin]$ scp listener.ora tnsnames.ora [email protected]:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/
备库上执行：
[oracle@standby ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/network/admin/
[oracle@standby admin]$ vim listener.ora
将host中的201 改成202，也就是将host改成备库机器上的IP，tnsnames.ora不用修改。
修改完成之后要重启监听
3）将备份复制到备库上
[oracle@primary backup]$ scp /u01/app/oracle/backup/* [email protected]:/u01/app/oracle/backup
4）在备库上创建对应的文件夹
[oracle@standby oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_BASE
[oracle@standby oracle]$ ls
arch backup checkpoints database product
[oracle@standby oracle]$ mkdir -p oradata/orcl
[oracle@standby oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcl/adump
[oracle@standby oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcl/dpdump
[oracle@standby oracle]$ mkdir -p admin/orcl/pfile
5）启动备库到nomount模式
SQL>create spfile from pfile='/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/initorcl.ora';
SQL> startup nomount;
6）在备库上使用RMAN恢复数据库
[oracle@standby ~]$ rman target sys/asd@pri
RMAN> connect auxiliary /
run {
allocate auxiliary channel c1 device type disk;
allocate auxiliary channel c2 device type disk;
duplicate target database for standby nofilenamecheck dorecover;
release channel c1;
release channel c2;
}
虽然最后出现了这个问题，但备库还是可以打开的。
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03002: failure of Duplicate Db command at 06/08/2016 17:38:36
RMAN-03015: error occurred in stored script Memory Script
RMAN-06053: unable to perform media recovery because of missing log
RMAN-06025: no backup of archived log for thread 1 with sequence 16 and starting SCN of 1010403 found to restore
RMAN-06025: no backup of archived log for thread 1 with sequence 15 and starting SCN of 1009794 found to restore
7）备库上添加standby logfile
备库上添加standby logfile，我做测试时，v$logfile视图里有standby logfile group4 至group 7，而/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl并没有这些文件，所以要先把这几组日志删除再重建：
SQL>alter database open;#未试过在mount状态创建standby日志
SQL> alter database drop logfile group 4;
SQL> alter database drop logfile group 5;
SQL> alter database drop logfile group 6;
SQL> alter database drop logfile group 7;
SQL>alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_021.log') size 50M;
SQL>alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_022.log') size 50M;
SQL>alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_023.log') size 50M;
SQL>alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo_dg_024.log') size 50M;
8）应用归档
--应用归档
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup mount;
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
--退出归档
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
9）查看状态
SQL> SELECT SEQUENCE#, FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME,APPLIED FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
SEQUENCE# FIRST_TIME NEXT_TIME APPLIED
---------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------
15 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
16 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
17 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
18 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
19 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
20 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 YES
21 08-JUN-16 08-JUN-16 IN-MEMORY
说明DG已经搭建成功
注：如果备库处于open状态，告警日志中会出现：ORA-16058: 未装载备用数据库实例的告警信息。