Django基础之八(模型关系)
模型关系
简介
关系数据库的威力体现在表之间的相互关联,Django提供了三种最常见的数据库关系:多对一(many-to-one),多对多(many-to-many),一对一(one-to-one)
- 多对一关系
- 多对多关系
- 一对一关系
多对一
- django是使用django.db.models.ForeignKey 定义多对一关系
- ForeignKey需要一个位置参数来指定本Model关联的Model,ForeignKey关联的Model是"一", ForeignKey所在的Model是"多"
比如汽车和制造商的例子,一辆汽车只能属于一个制造商,但是一个制造商有多辆汽车,这个关系,用Django的Model来表示,就是
class Manufacturer(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=30) class Car(models.Model): manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(Manufacturer) name = models.CharField(max_length=30)
数据创建
In [1]: from dashboard.models import Manufacturer,Car In [2]: m1 = Manufacturer() In [3]: m1.name = "丰田" In [4]: m1.save() In [5]: m2 = Manufacturer() In [6]: m2.name = "大众" In [7]: m2.save() In [8]: m1 Out[8]: <Manufacturer: Manufacturer object> In [9]: m2 Out[9]: <Manufacturer: Manufacturer object> In [10]: c1 = Car() In [11]: c1.name = "xxx1" In [12]: m = Manufacturer.objects.get(pk=1) In [13]: c1.manufacturer = m In [14]: c1.save() In [15]: c2 = Car() In [16]: c2.name = "宝来" In [17]: m3 = Manufacturer.objects.get(pk=2) In [18]: c2.manufacturer = m3 In [19]: c2.save()
多对一查询
- 正向查询( ForeignKey 所在的模型查询关联的模型)
In [22]: xxx1 = Car.objects.get(name="xxx1") In [23]: xxx1 Out[23]: <Car: Car object> In [24]: xxx1.manufacturer Out[24]: <Manufacturer: Manufacturer object> In [25]: xxx1.manufacturer.name Out[25]: '宝马'
- 反向查询( ForeignKey 指向的模型查询ForeignKey 所在的模型)
如果模型有一个ForeignKey,那么该ForeignKey 所指的模型实例可以通过一个管理器返回前一个有ForeignKey的模型的所有实例。默认情况下,这个管理器的名字为foo_set,其中foo 是源模型的小写名称。该管理器返回的查询集可以用上一节提到的方式进行过滤和操作。
In [27]: m1 = Manufacturer.objects.get(pk=1) In [28]: m1.car_set.all() Out[28]: <QuerySet [<Car: Car object>, <Car: Car object>]> In [29]: c2 = Car.objects.get(pk=2) In [30]: c2 Out[30]: <Car: Car object> In [31]: m1.car_set.add(c2) In [32]: m1.save() 返回多个car对象
多对多
要实现多对多,就要使用django.db.models.ManyToManyField类,和ForeignKey一样,它也有一个位置参数,用来指定和它关联的Model
如果不仅仅需要知道两个Model之间是多对多的关系,还需要知道这个关系的更多信息,比如Person和Group是多对多的关系,每个person可以在多个group里,那么group里可以有多个person
多对多示例
class Group(models.Model): #... class Person(models.Model): groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group) 建议以被关联模型名称的复数形式做为 ManyToManyField 的名字 在哪个模型中设置 ManyToManyField 并不重要,在两个模型中任选一个即可——不要在两个模型中都设置
用户和组操作实例
In [1]: from django.contrib.auth.models import User,Group In [2]: g = Group.objects.create(name='test') In [3]: User.objects.all() Out[3]: <QuerySet []> In [4]: u = User() In [5]: u.username = "wanghui" In [6]: u.email = "[email protected]" In [7]: u.password = "123456" In [8]: u.save() In [9]: u1 = User.objects.get(pk=1) In [10]: g1 = Group.objects.get(pk=1) In [11]: u1.groups #证明manytomany在User表 Out[11]: <django.db.models.fields.related_descriptors.create_forward_many_to_many_manager.<locals>.ManyRelatedManager at 0x7f3dce15ea58> In [12]: g1.user_set Out[12]: <django.db.models.fields.related_descriptors.create_forward_many_to_many_manager.<locals>.ManyRelatedManager at 0x7f3dce0ec748> In [13]: g1.user_set.add(u1) In [14]: g1.save() In [15]: u1 = User.objects.get(pk=1) In [16]: u1.groups.all() Out[16]: <QuerySet [<Group: test>]> In [17]: g1 = Group.objects.get(pk=1) In [18]: g1.user_set.all() Out[18]: <QuerySet [<User: wanghui>]>
处理关联对象的其它方法
add(obj1, obj2, ...) #添加一指定的模型对象到关联的对象集中。 create(**kwargs) #创建一个新的对象,将它保存并放在关联的对象集中。返回新创建的对象。 remove(obj1, obj2, ...) #从关联的对象集中删除指定的模型对象。 clear() #从关联的对象集中删除所有的对象。
一对一
一对一是通过django.db.models.OneToOneField来实现的,被关联的Model会被加上Unique的限制, OneToOneField要一个位置参数,与模型关联的类 当某个对象想扩展自另一个对象时,最常用的方式就是在这个对象的主键上添加一对一关系
接口小练习
需求:
GET:获取所有用户组列表GET:获取组下的成员列表
GET:获取用户的组列表
POST:将用户添加至指定组
POST:将用户从指定组中踢出
类视图如下:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User,Group from django.core import serializers from django.http import Http404,QueryDict class GroupListView(View): def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): queryset = Group.objects.all() return HttpResponse(serializers.serialize("json",queryset),content_type="application/json") class GroupMembersView(View): def get_queryset(self): groupObj = self.get_group_obj() return groupObj.user_set.all() def get_group_obj(self): try: groupObj = Group.objects.get(name=self.request.GET.get("name")) except Group.DoesNotExist: return Http404 except Group.MultipleObjectsReturned: return Http404 return groupObj def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): user_queryset = self.get_queryset() return HttpResponse(serializers.serialize("json",user_queryset),content_type="application/json") class UserGroupsView(View): def get_queryset(self): userObj = self.get_user_obj() return userObj.groups.all() def get_user_obj(self): try: userObj = User.objects.get(username=self.request.GET.get("name")) except User.DoesNotExist: return Http404 except User.MultipleObjectsReturned: return Http404 return userObj def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs): group_queryset = self.get_queryset() return HttpResponse(serializers.serialize("json",group_queryset),content_type="application/json") class UserGroupManageView(View): def get_query(self): groupObj = self.get_group_obj() userObj = self.get_user_obj() def get_group_obj(self): try: groupObj = Group.objects.get(name=QueryDict(self.request.body).get("name")) except Group.DoesNotExist: return Http404 except Group.MultipleObjectsReturned: return Http404 return groupObj return groupObj def get_user_obj(self): try: userObj = User.objects.get(username=QueryDict(self.request.body).get("name")) except User.DoesNotExist: return Http404 except User.MultipleObjectsReturned: return Http404 return userObj def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs): groupObj = self.get_group_obj() userObj = self.get_user_obj() groupObj.user_set.remove(userObj) return HttpResponse() def put(self,request,*args,**kwargs): groupObj = self.get_group_obj() userObj = self.get_user_obj() groupObj.user_set.add(userObj) return HttpResponse()
- 路由:
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^grouplist/$',views.GroupListView.as_view()), url(r'^groupmembers/$',views.GroupMembersView.as_view()), url(r'^usergroups/$',views.UserGroupsView.as_view()), url(r'^usergroupmanage/$',views.UserGroupManageView.as_view()), ]