Python中多线程和多处理的初学者指南
即将开播:4月29日,民生银行郭庆谈商业银行金融科技赋能的探索与实践
使用Python分析数据,如果使用了正确的数据结构和算法,有时可以大量提高程序的速度。实现此目的的一种方法是使用Muiltithreading(多线程)或Multiprocessing(多重处理)。
在这篇文章中,我们不会详细讨论多线程或多处理的内部原理。相反,我们举一个例子,编写一个小的Python脚本从Unsplash下载图像。我们将从一次下载一个图像的版本开始。接下来,我们使用线程来提高执行速度。
多线程
简单地说,线程允许您并行地运行程序。花费大量时间等待外部事件的任务通常适合线程化。它们也称为I/O Bound任务例如从文件中读写,网络操作或使用API在线下载。让我们来看一个示例,它展示了使用线程的好处。
1. 没有线程
在本例中,我们希望通过顺序运行程序来查看从Unsplash API下载15张图像需要多长时间:
import requests import time img_urls = [ 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1516117172878-fd2c41f4a759', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1532009324734-20a7a5813719', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1524429656589-6633a470097c', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1530224264768-7ff8c1789d79', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1564135624576-c5c88640f235', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1541698444083-023c97d3f4b6', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1522364723953-452d3431c267', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1513938709626-033611b8cc03', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1507143550189-fed454f93097', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1493976040374-85c8e12f0c0e', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1504198453319-5ce911bafcde', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1530122037265-a5f1f91d3b99', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1516972810927-80185027ca84', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1550439062-609e1531270e', 'https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1549692520-acc6669e2f0c' ] start = time.perf_counter() #start timer for img_url in img_urls: img_name = img_url.split('/')[3] #get image name from url img_bytes = requests.get(img_url).content with open(img_name, 'wb') as img_file: img_file.write(img_bytes) #save image to disk finish = time.perf_counter() #end timer print(f"Finished in {round(finish-start,2)} seconds") #results Finished in 23.101926751 seconds
一共用时23秒。
2. 多线程
让我们看看Pyhton中的线程模块如何显著地改进我们的程序执行:
import time from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor def download_images(url): img_name = img_url.split('/')[3] img_bytes = requests.get(img_url).content with open(img_name, 'wb') as img_file: img_file.write(img_bytes) print(f"{img_name} was downloaded") start = time.perf_counter() #start timer with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor: results = executor.map(download_images,img_urls) #this is Similar to map(func, *iterables) finish = time.perf_counter() #end timer print(f"Finished in {round(finish-start,2)} seconds") #results Finished in 5.544147536 seconds
我们可以看到,与不使用线程代码相比,使用线程代码可以显著提高速度。从23秒到5秒。
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