oracle备份之备份测试脚本的方法（冷备、热备、rman)

1、数据库环境

数据库DBID及打开模式

SQL> select dbid,open_mode from v$database; 
DBID OPEN_MODE
---------- ----------
4106451204 READ WRITE

数据文件:

SQL> select file#,status,enabled,name from v$datafile;

FILE# STATUS ENABLED NAME
---------- ------- ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 SYSTEM READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf
2 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf
3 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf
4 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf
5 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf
6 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf
7 ONLINE READ WRITE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf

控制文件：

SQL> select status,name from v$controlfile;

STATUS NAME
------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/ora_control1
/u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/ora_control2
/u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/control3

联机日志：

SQL> select group#,status,type,member from v$logfile;

GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER
---------- ------- ------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo01.log
1 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo11.log
3 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo03.log
2 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo02.log
5 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo05.log
5 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo55.log
4 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo04.log
4 ONLINE /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/redo44.log

2、数据库备份脚本

冷备份脚本

#rem script:coldbak.sh
#rem creater:chon
#rem date:2011
#rem desc:offline full backup database

#--connect database
sqlplus / as sysdba <<EOF
#--shutdown database
shutdown immediate;
#--Copy Data file
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/*.dbf /backup
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf /backup
#--Copy Control file
!cp /u01/app/oracle/ocmdb/cfile/* /backup
#--Copy Log file
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/lfile/*.log /backup
#--Copy archive log
!cp -R /u01/app/oracle/rmanbak/OCMDB/archivelog/* /backup
#--startup database
startup;

说明：
1、以上脚本在数据库关闭状态下备份数据库所有的数据文件，联机日志，控制文件，归档日志（在一个目录下），如果成功备份，所有文件是一致的。
2、没有备份参数文件，参数文件可以另外备份，没有必要每次都备份，只需要在改变设置后备份一次。
3、如果以上命令没有成功依次执行，那么备份将是无效的，如连接数据库不成功，那么肯定关闭数据库也不成功，那么备份则无效
4、冷备份建议下人工干预下执行。

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OS热备份
查看表空间和数据文件对应关系

SQL> select file_id,tablespace_name,file_name from dba_data_files;

FILE_ID TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME
---------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 RMAN_TS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf
6 BIG_TBS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf
5 TBS3 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf
4 TBS_1 /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf
3 SYSAUX /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf
2 UNDOTBS /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf
1 SYSTEM /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf

数据库OS热全备份脚本

#rem script:hotbak.sh
#rem creater:chon
#rem date:2011
#rem desc:backup all database datafile in archive

#--connect database
sqlplus / as sysdba <<EOF

#--archive
alter system archive log current;

#--start hotbak
alter tablespace system begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/system01.dbf /backup
alter tablespace system end backup;

alter tablespace UNDOTBS begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/undotbs01.dbf /backup
alter tablespace UNDOTBS end backup;

alter tablespace SYSAUX begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/sysaux01.dbf /backup
alter tablespace SYSAUX end backup;

alter tablespace TBS_1 begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_1.dbf /backup
alter tablespace TBS_1 end backup;

alter tablespace TBS3 begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs3.dbf /backup
alter tablespace TBS3 end backup;

alter tablespace BIG_TBS begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/tbs_big01.dbf /backup
alter tablespace BIG_TBS end backup;

alter tablespace RMAN_TS begin backup;
!cp /u01/app/oracle/oradata/ocmdb/dfile/rman.dbf /backup
alter tablespace RMAN_TS end backup;
#--end

#--bak control file
#--binary
alter database backup controlfile to '/backup/controlbinbak.000';
#--ascii
alter database backup controlfile to trace;

alter system archive log current;

说明：
1、热备份必须在数据库归档方式下才可以运行
2、以上脚本可以在数据库运行状态下备份数据库所有的数据文件（除了临时数据文件），没有必要备份联机日志。
3、归档日志至少需要一次完整备份之后的所有日志。
4、如果以上命令没有成功依次执行，那么备份也是无效的，如连接数据库不成功，那么备份则无效

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RMAN备份脚本
--本地

创建文件夹

mkdir /home/oracle/backup
mkdir /home/oracle/backup/script
mkdir /home/oracle/backup/log
mkdir /home/oracle/backup/export

--备份目的地

mkdir /home/oracle/rman_backup

创建备份表空间

create tablespace rman_tbs datafile '/oradata/luke/rman_tbs01.dbf' size 1024M;

创建备份用户

create user rman identified by rman default tablespace rman_tbs temporary tablespace temp;

grant connect,resource ,recovery_catalog_owner to rman;

rman catalog rman/rman
create catalog tablespace rman_tbs;
connect target sys/lukewhx@luke
register database;
report schema;

configure retention policy to redundancy 2;
configure retention policy to recovery window of 7 days;

--倒出RMAN用户数据脚本exp_rman.par (即备份catalog库）
userid=rman/rman
file=/home/oracle/backup/export/rman.dmp
log=/home/oracle/backup/log/rman.log

-- 倒出RMAN数据SHELL脚本exp_rman.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
cd $HOME/backup/script
exp parfile=exp_rman.par

-- 零级备份RMAN脚本level0_backup.rcv
connect catalog rman/rman
connect target sys/unumall@unu2
run {

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO RECOVERY WINDOW OF 14 DAYS; 
CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON; 
allocate channel d1 type disk;
allocate channel d2 type disk;
backup incremental level 0 database format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level0_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak'
tag='level 0' include current controlfile;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
release channel d2;
release channel d1;
}
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
delete noprompt obsolete;
resync catalog;

--零级备份SHELL脚本的level0_backup.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
cd $HOME/backup/script
rman cmdfile=level0_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level0_backup.log
. /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh


--一级差异增量备份RMAN脚本 level1_backup.rcv
connect catalog rman/rman
connect target sys/luke@luke
run {
allocate channel d1 type disk;
backup incremental level 1 format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level1_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' tag = 'level 1' database;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
release channel d1;
}
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
delete noprompt obsolete;
resync catalog;


--一级差异增量备份SHELL脚本level1_backup.sh


#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
cd /home/oracle/backup/script
rman cmdfile=level1_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level1.log
. /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh


--二级差异增量备份RMAN脚本 level2_backup.rcv
connect catalog rman/rman
connect target sys/luke@luke
run {
allocate channel d1 type disk;
backup incremental level 2 format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/level2_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' tag = 'level 2' database;
sql 'alter system archive log current';
backup archivelog all format '/home/oracle/rman_backup/log_%d_%s_%p_%u.bak' delete all input;
release channel d1;
}
crosscheck backup;
delete noprompt expired backup;
delete noprompt obsolete;
resync catalog;

--二级差异增量备份SHELL脚本level2_backup.sh

#!/bin/bash
cd $HOME
. .bash_profile
cd /home/oracle/backup/script
rman cmdfile=level2_backup.rcv msglog=$HOME/backup/log/level2.log
. /home/oracle/backup/script/exp_rman.sh

提高 RMAN增量备份性能

alter database enable block change tracking using file
'/u01/app/oracle/admin/devdb/bdump/luke.log';

desc v$block_change_tracking;

linux下定时执行备份脚本

crontab -e -u oracle
SHELL=/bin/bash --以下脚本在bash下执行
MAILTO=oracle --执行日志以邮件形式邮给oracle用户，可以/var/spool/mail/oracle下查收
10 1 * * 0 /home/oracle/backup/script/level0_backup.sh
10 1 * * 1 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
10 1 * * 2 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
10 1 * * 3 /home/oracle/backup/script/level1_backup.sh
10 1 * * 4 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
10 1 * * 5 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh
10 1 * * 6 /home/oracle/backup/script/level2_backup.sh

一周差异备份策略：
备份目标库和catalog库
周日0级全备，周一周二为2级，周三为1级，周四周五周六为2级。
每天凌晨1点10分开始备份

零级备份

backup incremental level 0 database;

一级差异增量 差异增量是默认增量备份方式

backup incremental level 1 database;

backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;