C++ std thread

c++ 11 之后有了标准的线程库：std::thread。

之前一些编译器使用 C++11 的编译参数是 -std=c++11

g++ -std=c++11 test.cpp

std::thread 构造函数

默认构造函数thread() noexcept;初始化构造函数template <class Fn, class... Args>

explicit thread(Fn&& fn, Args&&... args);拷贝构造函数 [deleted]thread(const thread&) = delete;Move 构造函数thread(thread&& x) noexcept;

• 默认构造函数，创建一个空的 std::thread 执行对象。
• 初始化构造函数，创建一个 std::thread 对象，该 std::thread 对象可被 joinable，新产生的线程会调用 fn 函数，该函数的参数由 args 给出。
• 拷贝构造函数(被禁用)，意味着 std::thread 对象不可拷贝构造。
• Move 构造函数，move 构造函数(move 语义是 C++11 新出现的概念，详见附录)，调用成功之后 x 不代表任何 std::thread 执行对象。

注意：可被 joinable 的 std::thread 对象必须在他们销毁之前被主线程 join 或者将其设置为 detached.

std::thread 各种构造函数例子如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>
void f1(int n)
{
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
 std::cout << "Thread " << n << " executing
";
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
 }
}
void f2(int& n)
{
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
 std::cout << "Thread 2 executing
";
 ++n;
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
 }
}
int main()
{
 int n = 0;
 std::thread t1; // t1 is not a thread
 std::thread t2(f1, n + 1); // pass by value
 std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n)); // pass by reference
 std::thread t4(std::move(t3)); // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread
 t2.join();
 t4.join();
 std::cout << "Final value of n is " << n << '
';
}

std::thread 赋值操作

Move 赋值操作thread& operator=(thread&& rhs) noexcept;拷贝赋值操作 [deleted]thread& operator=(const thread&) = delete;

• Move 赋值操作(1)，如果当前对象不可 joinable，需要传递一个右值引用(rhs)给 move 赋值操作；如果当前对象可被 joinable，则会调用 terminate() 报错。
• 拷贝赋值操作(2)，被禁用，因此 std::thread 对象不可拷贝赋值。

请看下面的例子：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <chrono> // std::chrono::seconds
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread> // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for
void thread_task(int n) {
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(n));
 std::cout << "hello thread "
 << std::this_thread::get_id()
 << " paused " << n << " seconds" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
 std::thread threads[5];
 std::cout << "Spawning 5 threads...
";
 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
 threads[i] = std::thread(thread_task, i + 1);
 }
 std::cout << "Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join
";
 for (auto& t: threads) {
 t.join();
 }
 std::cout << "All threads joined.
";
 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

其他成员函数

get_id: 获取线程 ID，返回一个类型为 std::thread::id 的对象。请看下面例子：

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
void foo()
{
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
int main()
{
 std::thread t1(foo);
 std::thread::id t1_id = t1.get_id();
 std::thread t2(foo);
 std::thread::id t2_id = t2.get_id();
 std::cout << "t1's id: " << t1_id << '
';
 std::cout << "t2's id: " << t2_id << '
';
 t1.join();
 t2.join();
}

joinable: 检查线程是否可被 join。检查当前的线程对象是否表示了一个活动的执行线程，由默认构造函数创建的线程是不能被 join 的。另外，如果某个线程 已经执行完任务，但是没有被 join 的话，该线程依然会被认为是一个活动的执行线程，因此也是可以被 join 的。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
void foo()
{
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
int main()
{
 std::thread t;
 std::cout << "before starting, joinable: " << t.joinable() << '
';
 t = std::thread(foo);
 std::cout << "after starting, joinable: " << t.joinable() << '
';
 t.join();
}
join: Join 线程，调用该函数会阻塞当前线程，直到由 *this 所标示的线程执行完毕 join 才返回。
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
void foo()
{
 // simulate expensive operation
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
void bar()
{
 // simulate expensive operation
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
int main()
{
 std::cout << "starting first helper...
";
 std::thread helper1(foo);
 std::cout << "starting second helper...
";
 std::thread helper2(bar);
 std::cout << "waiting for helpers to finish..." << std::endl;
 helper1.join();
 helper2.join();
 std::cout << "done!
";
}

detach: Detach 线程。 将当前线程对象所代表的执行实例与该线程对象分离，使得线程的执行可以单独进行。一旦线程执行完毕，它所分配的资源将会被释放。

调用 detach 函数之后：

• *this 不再代表任何的线程执行实例。
• joinable() == false
• get_id() == std::thread::id()

另外，如果出错或者 joinable() == false，则会抛出 std::system_error。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
 
void independentThread() 
{
 std::cout << "Starting concurrent thread.
";
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
 std::cout << "Exiting concurrent thread.
";
}
 
void threadCaller() 
{
 std::cout << "Starting thread caller.
";
 std::thread t(independentThread);
 t.detach();
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
 std::cout << "Exiting thread caller.
";
}
 
int main() 
{
 threadCaller();
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(5));
}

swap: Swap 线程，交换两个线程对象所代表的底层句柄(underlying handles)。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
void foo()
{
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
void bar()
{
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
int main()
{
 std::thread t1(foo);
 std::thread t2(bar);
 std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
 std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;
 std::swap(t1, t2);
 std::cout << "after std::swap(t1, t2):" << std::endl;
 std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
 std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;
 t1.swap(t2);
 std::cout << "after t1.swap(t2):" << std::endl;
 std::cout << "thread 1 id: " << t1.get_id() << std::endl;
 std::cout << "thread 2 id: " << t2.get_id() << std::endl;
 t1.join();
 t2.join();
}

执行结果如下：

thread 1 id: 1892
thread 2 id: 2584
after std::swap(t1, t2):
thread 1 id: 2584
thread 2 id: 1892
after t1.swap(t2):
thread 1 id: 1892
thread 2 id: 2584

native_handle: 返回 native handle（由于 std::thread 的实现和操作系统相关，因此该函数返回与 std::thread 具体实现相关的线程句柄，例如在符合 Posix 标准的平台下(如 Unix/Linux)是 Pthread 库）。

#include <thread>
#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstring>
#include <pthread.h>
std::mutex iomutex;
void f(int num)
{
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
 sched_param sch;
 int policy; 
 pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, &sch);
 std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(iomutex);
 std::cout << "Thread " << num << " is executing at priority "
 << sch.sched_priority << '
';
}
int main()
{
 std::thread t1(f, 1), t2(f, 2);
 sched_param sch;
 int policy; 
 pthread_getschedparam(t1.native_handle(), &policy, &sch);
 sch.sched_priority = 20;
 if(pthread_setschedparam(t1.native_handle(), SCHED_FIFO, &sch)) {
 std::cout << "Failed to setschedparam: " << std::strerror(errno) << '
';
 }
 t1.join();
 t2.join();
}

执行结果如下：

Thread 2 is executing at priority 0 Thread 1 is executing at priority 20

hardware_concurrency [static]: 检测硬件并发特性，返回当前平台的线程实现所支持的线程并发数目，但返回值仅仅只作为系统提示(hint)。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
int main() {
 unsigned int n = std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
 std::cout << n << " concurrent threads are supported.
";
}

std::this_thread 命名空间中相关辅助函数介绍

get_id: 获取线程 ID。

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <mutex>
std::mutex g_display_mutex;
void foo()
{
 std::thread::id this_id = std::this_thread::get_id();
 g_display_mutex.lock();
 std::cout << "thread " << this_id << " sleeping...
";
 g_display_mutex.unlock();
 std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
}
int main()
{
 std::thread t1(foo);
 std::thread t2(foo);
 t1.join();
 t2.join();
}

yield: 当前线程放弃执行，操作系统调度另一线程继续执行。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
// "busy sleep" while suggesting that other threads run 
// for a small amount of time
void little_sleep(std::chrono::microseconds us)
{
 auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 auto end = start + us;
 do {
 std::this_thread::yield();
 } while (std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() < end);
}
int main()
{
 auto start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
 little_sleep(std::chrono::microseconds(100));
 auto elapsed = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now() - start;
 std::cout << "waited for "
 << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(elapsed).count()
 << " microseconds
";
}

sleep_until: 线程休眠至某个指定的时刻(time point)，该线程才被重新唤醒。

template< class Clock, class Duration >
void sleep_until( const std::chrono::time_point<Clock,Duration>& sleep_time );

sleep_for: 线程休眠某个指定的时间片(time span)，该线程才被重新唤醒，不过由于线程调度等原因，实际休眠时间可能比 sleep_duration 所表示的时间片更长。

#include <iostream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
int main()
{
 std::cout << "Hello waiter" << std::endl;
 std::chrono::milliseconds dura( 2000 );
 std::this_thread::sleep_for( dura );
 std::cout << "Waited 2000 ms
";
}

执行结果如下：

Hello waiter
Waited 2000 ms