linux系统下实现mysql热备份详细步骤(mysql主从复制)

主从的作用:

1.可以当做一种备份方式

2.用来实现读写分离,缓解一个数据库的压力

 MySQL主从备份原理:

Mysql的主从复制至少是需要两个Mysql的服务,当然Mysql的服务是可以分布在不同的服务器上,也可以在一台服务器上启动多个服务。

如果想配置成为同一台上的话,注意安装的时候,选择两个不同的prefix=路径,同时开启服务器的时候,端口不能相同。

(1)首先确保主从服务器上的Mysql版本相同(做主从服务器的原则是,MYSQL版本要相同,如果不能满足,最起码从服务器的MYSQL的版本必须高于主服务器的MYSQL版本 )

(2)在主服务器上,设置一个从数据库的账户,使用REPLICATION SLAVE赋予权限,如:

代码如下:

 mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'slave001'@'192.168.0.99' IDENTIFIED BY

'123456';


Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec)

[原理]master 上提供binlog ,

slave 通过 I/O线程从 master拿取 binlog,并复制到slave的中继日志中

slave 通过 SQL线程从 slave的中继日志中读取binlog ,然后解析到slave中

 主从复制大前提

需要master与slave同步,因为笔者的数据库数据量不大,所以无需考虑太多,直接把

master上的data复制到了slave上,但是如果是大的数据量,比如像taobao这个的系统

实验环境准备:

OS: CentOS5.4

Mysql:Mysql-5.0.41.tar.gz
辅助工具:SSH Secure Shell Client

两台测试IP&服务器:

代码如下:

Master Server: 192.168.1.2/Linux CentOS5.4/MYSQL 5.0
Slave Server: 192.168.1.3/Linux CentOS5.4/MYSQL 5.0

 安装配置步骤:

 1、首先在Linux环境下分配好磁盘分区以便留足MySQL数据库的备份空间

代码如下:

[root@vps mysql]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/simfs 30G 2.0G 29G 7% /


 2、MySQL数据库的安装:

1>将Mysql-5.0.41.tar.gz通过SSH 工具 上传到Linux系统的home目录下

2>建立MySQL使用者和群组:

代码如下:

#groupadd mysql
#useradd -g mysql mysql

3>解压缩Mysql-5.0.41.tar.gz源码包

代码如下:

#cd /usr/local/sofrware
#tar zxvf Mysql-5.0.41.tar.gz

4>进入源码目录编译安装

代码如下:

#cd /home/Mysql-5.0.41
#./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql --with-charset=gbk |注:配置Mysql安装路径并且支持中文
#make |注:编译
#make install |注:编译安装

5>替换/etc/my.cnf文件,进入源码包,执行命令

代码如下:

#cd /home/Mysql-5.0.41
#cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf

6>完成以上操作以后进行初始化数据库,进入已经安装好的mysql目录

代码如下:

#cd /usr/local/mysql
#bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql |注:--user=mysql 初始化表并且规定用mysql用户

7>设置给mysql和root用户设定访问权限 我们先进入mysql目录

代码如下:

#cd /usr/local/mysql
#chown -R root /usr/local/mysql      注:设定root能访问/usr/local/mysq
#chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/var   注:设定mysql用户能访问/usr/local/mysql/var
#chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql     注:设定mysql组能够访问/usr/local/mysq

8>启动mysql,进入已经安装好的目录

代码如下:

#cd /usr/local/mysql
#bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &

9>
修改mysql数据库超级用户root的缺省密码:

代码如下:

/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'mysql'

关闭mysql服务器

代码如下:

cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysqladmin -u root -p shutdown

10>设定开机就启动mysql,进入源码目录下

代码如下:

# cd /home/Mysql-5.0.41
# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql

# chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysql
# chkconfig --level 345 mysql on
# service mysql restart
Shutting down MySQL. [ 确定 ]
Starting MySQL [ 确定 ]
[root@localhost mysql]#

到这里MySQL就装好了。
 

3、配置MySQL5.0的复制(Replication)功能

 一.将master设置为只读。

mysql> flush tables with read lock;

二.用master中的data文件夹替换slave中的data文件夹

比如 用 tar zcvf mysql_data.gz /media/raid10/mysql/3306/data

然后 mv mysql_data.gz /media/raid10/htdocs/blog/wordpress/

因为我的 /media/raid10/htdocs/blog/wordpress/ 是 Nginx 的主目录

所以可以在 slave上,用wget下载这个文件,然后 解压,并覆盖slave上的data文件

注意:覆盖之前最好备份源文件

三.配置master的my.cnf,添加以下内容

在[mysqld]配置段添加如下字段

代码如下:

server-id=1

log-bin=/media/raid10/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog //这里写你的binlog绝对路径名


binlog-do-db=blog //需要同步的数据库,如果没有本行,即表示同步所有的数据库


binlog-ignore-db=mysql //被忽略的数据库

 

这里给出我的my.cnf配置文件

代码如下:

[client]

character-set-server = utf8


port = 3306


socket = /tmp/mysql.sock


[mysqld]


character-set-server = utf8


replicate-ignore-db = mysql


replicate-ignore-db = test


replicate-ignore-db = information_schema


user = mysql


port = 3306


socket = /tmp/mysql.sock


basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql


datadir = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/data


log-error = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log


pid-file = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql.pid


open_files_limit = 10240


back_log = 600


max_connections = 5000


max_connect_errors = 6000


table_cache = 614


external-locking = FALSE


max_allowed_packet = 16M


sort_buffer_size = 1M


join_buffer_size = 1M


thread_cache_size = 300


#thread_concurrency = 8


query_cache_size = 20M


query_cache_limit = 2M


query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k


default-storage-engine = MyISAM


thread_stack = 192K


transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED


tmp_table_size = 20M


max_heap_table_size = 20M


long_query_time = 3


log-slave-updates


log-bin = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog


binlog-do-db=blog


binlog-ignore-db=mysql


 binlog_cache_size = 4M


binlog_format = MIXED


max_binlog_cache_size = 8M


max_binlog_size = 20M


relay-log-index = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


relay-log-info-file = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


relay-log = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


expire_logs_days = 30


key_buffer_size = 10M


read_buffer_size = 1M


read_rnd_buffer_size = 6M


bulk_insert_buffer_size = 4M


myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8M


myisam_max_sort_file_size = 20M


myisam_repair_threads = 1


myisam_recover


 interactive_timeout = 120


wait_timeout = 120


 skip-name-resolve


#master-connect-retry = 10


slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396


#master-host = 192.168.1.2


#master-user = username


#master-password = password


#master-port = 3306


 server-id = 1


innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M


innodb_buffer_pool_size = 20M


innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:56M:autoextend


innodb_file_io_threads = 4


innodb_thread_concurrency = 8


innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2


innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M


innodb_log_file_size = 20M


innodb_log_files_in_group = 3


innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90


innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120


innodb_file_per_table = 0


 #log-slow-queries = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/slow.log


#long_query_time = 10


 [mysqldump]


quick


max_allowed_packet = 32M

 

四.在master机上为slave机添加一同步帐号

代码如下:

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'admin'@'172.29.141.115' identified by '12345678';

mysql> flush privileges ;

 

五.配置slave的my.cnf,添加以下内容

注意:

1.如果mysql是5.5.3-m3 的版本,只需

在[mysqld]字段下添加如下内容

server-id=2

 2.如果是5.0x的版本,需要

在[mysqld]字段下添加如下内容

代码如下:

server-id=2

log-bin=mysql-bin //这是同步的binlog,具体以你的binlog为准


master-host=172.29.141.112


master-user=admin


master-password=12345678


master-port=3306


master-connect-retry=60 //如果发现主服务器断线,重新连接的时间差;


replicate-do-db=blog //同步的数据库,不写本行 表示 同步所有数据库


replicate-ignore-db=mysql //不需要备份的数据库


log-slave-update


slave-skip-errors

 我的mysql是5.5.3,这里给出我的slave my.cnf配置文件

代码如下:

[client]

character-set-server = utf8


port = 3306


socket = /tmp/mysql.sock


 


[mysqld]


character-set-server = utf8


replicate-ignore-db = mysql


replicate-ignore-db = test


replicate-do-db = blog


replicate-ignore-db = information_schema


user = mysql


port = 3306


socket = /tmp/mysql.sock


basedir = /usr/local/webserver/mysql


datadir = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/data


log-error = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql_error.log


pid-file = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql.pid


open_files_limit = 10240


back_log = 600


max_connections = 5000


max_connect_errors = 6000


table_cache = 614


external-locking = FALSE


max_allowed_packet = 16M


sort_buffer_size = 1M


join_buffer_size = 1M


thread_cache_size = 300


#thread_concurrency = 8


query_cache_size = 20M


query_cache_limit = 2M


query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k


default-storage-engine = MyISAM


thread_stack = 192K


transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED


tmp_table_size = 20M


max_heap_table_size = 20M


long_query_time = 3


log-slave-updates


log-bin = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/binlog/binlog


binlog_cache_size = 4M


binlog_format = MIXED


max_binlog_cache_size = 8M


max_binlog_size = 20M


relay-log-index = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


relay-log-info-file = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


relay-log = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/relaylog/relaylog


expire_logs_days = 30


key_buffer_size = 10M


read_buffer_size = 1M


read_rnd_buffer_size = 6M


bulk_insert_buffer_size = 4M


myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8M


myisam_max_sort_file_size = 20M


myisam_repair_threads = 1


myisam_recover


interactive_timeout = 120


wait_timeout = 120


 skip-name-resolve


#master-connect-retry = 60


slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396


 #master-host=172.29.141.112


#master-user = admin


#master-password = 12345678


#master-port = 3306


server-id = 2


innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M


innodb_buffer_pool_size = 20M


innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:56M:autoextend


innodb_file_io_threads = 4


innodb_thread_concurrency = 8


innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2


innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M


innodb_log_file_size = 20M


innodb_log_files_in_group = 3


innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90


innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120


innodb_file_per_table = 0


#log-slow-queries = /media/raid10/mysql/3306/slow.log


#long_query_time = 10


[mysqldump]


quick


max_allowed_packet = 32M

 六.通过查看master的状态(在master上查看),为配置slave做准备

代码如下:

mysql> show master status/G;

ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away


No connection. Trying to reconnect...


Connection id: 13


Current database: blog


*************************** 1. row ***************************


File: binlog.000005


Position: 592


Binlog_Do_DB: blog


Binlog_Ignore_DB: mysql


1 row in set (0.01 sec)


ERROR:


No query specified

 从上面的信息,可以看出,master现在使用的binlog是binlog.000005,position是592,那么下面的slave配置必须与这个对应。

 其实binlog.000005是当前master使用的binlog日志文件

position是当前master使用的binlog.000005日志文件的位置

简单理解为master正在使用哪个binlog的哪个数据行(位置)。


七.如果是5.5.3-m3版本mysql,需要启动slave后,配置与master相关对应的信息(在slave上配置)

注意,这个与第六步相对应

代码如下:

mysql> stop slave ;

mysql> change master to master_host='172.29.141.112', master_user='admin', master_password='12345678', master_log_file='binlog.000005', master_log_pos=488;
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=60;

 这个与5.0的配置my.cnf作用是一样的,配置成与master相对应的内容

主要是配置slave,让slave知道从master的哪个binlog上的哪个位置复制数据。所以需要知道master的ip,user_name,user_passwd,binlog,binlog_position以及多长时间连接一次master

 八.开启slave

代码如下:

mysql> start slave;

 九.解除master只读限制,并做测试

代码如下:

mysql> unlock tables;

mysql> use blog;


mysql> create longxibendi ( a int, b int );


十.从slave上查看

代码如下:

mysql> use blog;

mysql> show tables;


+-----------------------+


| Tables_in_blog |


+-----------------------+


| longxibendi |


| wp_commentmeta |


| wp_comments |


| wp_links |


| wp_options |


| wp_postmeta |


| wp_posts |


| wp_term_relationships |


| wp_term_taxonomy |


| wp_terms |


| wp_usermeta |


| wp_users |


+-----------------------+


12 rows in set (0.00 sec)


可以看到成功了!!

 十一.配置过程中,可以用 show slave status/G; 在 slave上

查看 slave的复制情况

十二.如果出现什么问题,可能是防火墙的问题

/etc/init.d/iptables stop 关闭 master 上的防火墙,或者进行相应的配置

常遇到的错误与解决:

1.[mysql]ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' (2)

这个错误,网上有很多说法,其实直接的原因是mysql服务器没有启动

之前我按照5.0x配置master-slave,然后启动slave,在连接slave,就会报这个错误

后来发现原因是,mysql slave没有启动起来,然后去查错误日志,发现以下的字段

代码如下:

110505 01:55:20 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql.pid ended

110505 02:04:41 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /media/raid10/mysql/3306/data


InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled


InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation


110505 2:04:41 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.


110505 2:04:41 InnoDB Plugin 1.0.6 started; log sequence number 44338


110505 2:04:41 [ERROR] /usr/local/webserver/mysql/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable 'master-connect-retry=60'


110505 2:04:41 [ERROR] Aborting


110505 2:04:41 InnoDB: Starting shutdown...


110505 2:04:43 InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 44348


110505 2:04:43 [Note] /usr/local/webserver/mysql/libexec/mysqld: Shutdown complete


 110505 02:04:43 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /media/raid10/mysql/3306/mysql.pid ended


110505 02:07:44 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /media/raid10/mysql/3306/data


InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled


InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB's own implementation


110505 2:07:44 InnoDB: highest supported file format is Barracuda.


110505 2:07:45 InnoDB Plugin 1.0.6 started; log sequence number 44348


110505 2:07:45 [ERROR] /usr/local/webserver/mysql/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable 'master-host=172.29.141.112'


110505 2:07:45 [ERROR] Aborting


从上面的ERROR,知道 master-connect-retry=60这个my.cnf中的参数有问题,后来从网上搜资料,发现,mysql5.5.3-m3版本不支持这个参数,

然后我把这个参数注释掉,又发现不支持这个参数master-host,从上面的ERROR字段可以看出来。后来,就知道,5.5.3-m3不能按5.0.x那样配置

原来不需要从my.cnf中配置master相关信息,当然server-id是必须的。其他信息,通过 在命令行中 ,登陆 mysql服务器配置。

其实server-id的作用是

第一,标识,区分不同的slave,第二,防止环备份的发生

 

2.Last_Error: Last_SQL_Error:等错误

这个是从 slave上,运行 show slave status/G; 得到的。出现这个问题,最根本的原因是,slave 没有与当前的master的binlog 和binlog的position对应上

也就是说,slave传输的master binlog 不与当前master正使用的binlog以及binlog的行数对应。

 

3.[ERROR] Slave I/O: error connecting to master '[email protected]:3306' - retry-time: 60 retries: 86400, Error_code: 2003

这个就是因为防火墙的问题,所以用 /etc/init.d/iptables stop 关闭防火墙就OK了。

 

4.遇到ERROR 2013 (HY000): Lost connection to MySQL server during query错误。
在/ect/my.cnf的[mysqld]中添加skip-name-resolve

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