线程-GIL、锁
GIL和锁
全局解释器锁GIL
Python 解释器中可以“运行”多个线程,但在任意时刻只有一个线程在解释器中运行。
对Python虚拟机的访问由全局解释器锁(GIL)来控制,正是这个锁能保证同一时刻只有一个线程在运行。
在多线程环境中,Python 虚拟机按以下方式执行:
a、设置 GIL;
b、切换到一个线程去运行;
c、运行指定数量的字节码指令或者线程主动让出控制(可以调用 time.sleep(0));
d、把线程设置为睡眠状态;
e、解锁 GIL;
d、再次重复以上所有步骤。
锁
同步锁
import threading R=threading.Lock() R.acquire() ‘‘‘ 对公共数据的操作 ‘‘‘ R.release()
from threading import Thread,Lock import os,time def work(): global n lock.acquire() temp=n time.sleep(0.1) n=temp-1 lock.release() if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: lock=Lock() n=100 l=[] for i in range(100): p=Thread(target=work) l.append(p) p.start() for p in l: p.join() print(n) #结果肯定为0,由原来的并发执行变成串行,牺牲了执行效率保证了数据安全
from threading import current_thread,Thread,Lock import os,time def task(): #未加锁的代码并发运行 time.sleep(3) print(‘%s start to run‘ %current_thread().getName()) global n #加锁的代码串行运行 lock.acquire() temp=n time.sleep(0.5) n=temp-1 lock.release() if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: n=100 lock=Lock() threads=[] start_time=time.time() for i in range(100): t=Thread(target=task) threads.append(t) t.start() for t in threads: t.join() stop_time=time.time() print(‘主:%s n:%s‘ %(stop_time-start_time,n))
死锁
是指两个或两个以上的进程或线程在执行过程中,因争夺资源而造成的一种互相等待的现象,若无外力作用,它们都将无法推进下去。
此时称系统处于死锁状态或系统产生了死锁,这些永远在互相等待的进程称为死锁进程
from threading import Lock as Lock import time mutexA=Lock() mutexA.acquire() mutexA.acquire() print(123) mutexA.release() mutexA.release()
递归锁
在Python中为了支持在同一线程中多次请求同一资源,python提供了可重入锁RLock。
这个RLock内部维护着一个Lock和一个counter变量,counter记录了acquire的次数,从而使得资源可以被多次require。直到一个线程所有的acquire都被release,其他的线程才能获得资源。
from threading import RLock as Lock import time mutexA=Lock() mutexA.acquire() mutexA.acquire() print(123) mutexA.release() mutexA.release()
典型事例:科学家吃面
问题
import time from threading import Thread,Lock noodle_lock = Lock() fork_lock = Lock() def eat1(name): noodle_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了面条‘%name) fork_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了叉子‘%name) print(‘%s 吃面‘%name) fork_lock.release() noodle_lock.release() def eat2(name): fork_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了叉子‘ % name) time.sleep(1) noodle_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了面条‘ % name) print(‘%s 吃面‘ % name) noodle_lock.release() fork_lock.release() for name in [‘哪吒‘,‘egon‘,‘yuan‘]: t1 = Thread(target=eat1,args=(name,)) t2 = Thread(target=eat2,args=(name,)) t1.start() t2.start()
递归锁解决
import time from threading import Thread,RLock fork_lock = noodle_lock = RLock() def eat1(name): noodle_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了面条‘%name) fork_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了叉子‘%name) print(‘%s 吃面‘%name) fork_lock.release() noodle_lock.release() def eat2(name): fork_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了叉子‘ % name) time.sleep(1) noodle_lock.acquire() print(‘%s 抢到了面条‘ % name) print(‘%s 吃面‘ % name) noodle_lock.release() fork_lock.release() for name in [‘哪吒‘,‘egon‘,‘yuan‘]: t1 = Thread(target=eat1,args=(name,)) t2 = Thread(target=eat2,args=(name,)) t1.start() t2.start()
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