【开发小记】 Java 线程池 之 被“吃掉”的线程异常(附源码分析和解决方法)
前言
今天遇到了一个bug,现象是,一个任务放入线程池中,似乎“没有被执行”,日志也没有打。
经过本地代码调试之后,发现在任务逻辑的前半段,抛出了NPE
,但是代码外层没有try-catch
,导致这个异常被吃掉。
这个问题解决起来是很简单的,外层加个try-catch
就好了,但是这个异常如果没有被catch,线程池内部逻辑是怎么处理这个异常的呢?这个异常最后会跑到哪里呢?
带着疑问和好奇心,我研究了一下线程池那一块的源码,并且做了以下的总结。
源码分析
项目中出问题的代码差不多就是下面这个样子
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3); threadPool.submit(() -> { String pennyStr = null; Double penny = Double.valueOf(pennyStr); ... })
先进到newFixedThreadPool
这个工厂方法中看生成的具体实现类,发现是ThreadPoolExecutor
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) { return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads, 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()); }
再看这个类的继承关系,
再进到submit
方法,这个方法在ExecutorService
接口中约定,其实是在AbstractExectorService
中实现,ThreadPoolExecutor
并没有override这个方法。
public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); RunnableFuture<Void> ftask = newTaskFor(task, null); execute(ftask); return ftask; } protected <T> RunnableFuture<T> newTaskFor(Runnable runnable, T value) { return new FutureTask<T>(runnable, value); }
对应的FutureTask对象的
构造方法
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) { this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result); this.state = NEW; // state由volatile 修饰 保证多线程下的可见性 }
对应Callable
对象的构造方法
public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) { if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException(); return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result); }
对应RunnableAdapter
对象的构造方法
/** * A callable that runs given task and returns given result * 一个能执行所给任务并且返回结果的Callable对象 */ static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> { final Runnable task; final T result; RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) { this.task = task; this.result = result; } public T call() { task.run(); return result; } }
总结上面的,newTaskFor
就是把我们提交的Runnable
对象包装成了一个Future
。
接下来就是会把任务提交到队列中给线程池调度处理:
public void execute(Runnable command) { if (command == null) throw new NullPointerException(); int c = ctl.get(); if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) { if (addWorker(command, true)) return; c = ctl.get(); } if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) { int recheck = ctl.get(); if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command)) reject(command); else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0) addWorker(null, false); } else if (!addWorker(command, false)) reject(command); }
因为主要关心的是这个线程怎么执行,异常的抛出和处理,所以我们暂时不解析多余的逻辑。很容易发现,如果任务要被执行,肯定是进到了addWorker
方法当中,所以我们再进去看,鉴于addWorker
方法的很长,不想列太多的代码,我就摘了关键代码段:
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) { ... boolean workerStarted = false; boolean workerAdded = false; Worker w = null; try { // 实例化一个worker对象 w = new Worker(firstTask); final Thread t = w.thread; if (t != null) { final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock; mainLock.lock(); try { int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get()); if (rs < SHUTDOWN || (rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) { if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable throw new IllegalThreadStateException(); workers.add(w); int s = workers.size(); if (s > largestPoolSize) largestPoolSize = s; workerAdded = true; } } finally { mainLock.unlock(); } if (workerAdded) { // 从Worker对象的构造方法看,当这个thread对象start之后, // 之后实际上就是调用Worker对象的run() t.start(); workerStarted = true; } } } finally { if (! workerStarted) addWorkerFailed(w); } return workerStarted; } // Worker的构造方法 Worker(Runnable firstTask) { setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker this.firstTask = firstTask; this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this); }
我们再看这个ThreadPoolExecutor
的内部类Worker
对象:
private final class Worker extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer implements Runnable { ... /** Delegates main run loop to outer runWorker */ public void run() { runWorker(this); } ... }
看来真正执行任务的是在这个外部的runWorker
当中,让我们再看看这个方法是怎么消费Worker
线程的。
final void runWorker(Worker w) { Thread wt = Thread.currentThread(); Runnable task = w.firstTask; w.firstTask = null; w.unlock(); // allow interrupts boolean completedAbruptly = true; try { while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) { w.lock(); if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) || (Thread.interrupted() && runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) && !wt.isInterrupted()) wt.interrupt(); try { beforeExecute(wt, task); Throwable thrown = null; // ==== 关键代码 start ==== try { // 很简洁明了,调用了任务的run方法 task.run(); } catch (RuntimeException x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Error x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Throwable x) { thrown = x; throw new Error(x); } finally { afterExecute(task, thrown); } // ==== 关键代码 end ==== } finally { task = null; w.completedTasks++; w.unlock(); } } completedAbruptly = false; } finally { processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly); } }
终于走到底了,可以看到关键代码中的try-catch block代码块中,调用了本次执行任务的run
方法。
// ==== 关键代码 start ==== try { // 很简洁明了,调用了任务的run方法 task.run(); } catch (RuntimeException x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Error x) { thrown = x; throw x; } catch (Throwable x) { thrown = x; throw new Error(x); } finally { afterExecute(task, thrown); } // ==== 关键代码 end ====
可以看到捕捉了异常之后,会再向外抛出,只不过再finally block 中有个afterExecute()
方法,似乎在这里是可以处理这个异常信息的,进去看看
protected void afterExecute(Runnable r, Throwable t) { }
可以看到ThreadPoolExecutor#afterExecute()
方法中,是什么都没做的,看来是让使用者通过override这个方法来定制化任务执行之后的逻辑,其中可以包括异常处理。
那么这个异常到底是抛到哪里去了呢。我在一个大佬的文章找到了hotSpot JVM处理线程异常的逻辑,
if (!destroy_vm || JDK_Version::is_jdk12x_version()) { // JSR-166: change call from from ThreadGroup.uncaughtException to // java.lang.Thread.dispatchUncaughtException if (uncaught_exception.not_null()) { //如果有未捕获的异常 Handle group(this, java_lang_Thread::threadGroup(threadObj())); { KlassHandle recvrKlass(THREAD, threadObj->klass()); CallInfo callinfo; KlassHandle thread_klass(THREAD, SystemDictionary::Thread_klass()); /* 这里类似一个方法表,实际就会去调用Thread#dispatchUncaughtException方法 template(dispatchUncaughtException_name, "dispatchUncaughtException") */ LinkResolver::resolve_virtual_call(callinfo, threadObj, recvrKlass, thread_klass, vmSymbols::dispatchUncaughtException_name(), vmSymbols::throwable_void_signature(), KlassHandle(), false, false, THREAD); CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; methodHandle method = callinfo.selected_method(); if (method.not_null()) { JavaValue result(T_VOID); JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result, threadObj, thread_klass, vmSymbols::dispatchUncaughtException_name(), vmSymbols::throwable_void_signature(), uncaught_exception, THREAD); } else { KlassHandle thread_group(THREAD, SystemDictionary::ThreadGroup_klass()); JavaValue result(T_VOID); JavaCalls::call_virtual(&result, group, thread_group, vmSymbols::uncaughtException_name(), vmSymbols::thread_throwable_void_signature(), threadObj, // Arg 1 uncaught_exception, // Arg 2 THREAD); } if (HAS_PENDING_EXCEPTION) { ResourceMark rm(this); jio_fprintf(defaultStream::error_stream(), "\nException: %s thrown from the UncaughtExceptionHandler" " in thread \"%s\"\n", pending_exception()->klass()->external_name(), get_thread_name()); CLEAR_PENDING_EXCEPTION; } } }
代码是C写的,有兴趣可以去全文,根据英文注释能稍微看懂一点
http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jd...
可以看到这里最终会去调用Thread#dispatchUncaughtException
方法:
/** * Dispatch an uncaught exception to the handler. This method is * intended to be called only by the JVM. */ private void dispatchUncaughtException(Throwable e) { getUncaughtExceptionHandler().uncaughtException(this, e); }
/** * Called by the Java Virtual Machine when a thread in this * thread group stops because of an uncaught exception, and the thread * does not have a specific {@link Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler} * installed. * */ public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) { if (parent != null) { parent.uncaughtException(t, e); } else { Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler ueh = Thread.getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(); if (ueh != null) { ueh.uncaughtException(t, e); } else if (!(e instanceof ThreadDeath)) { //可以看到会打到System.err里面 System.err.print("Exception in thread \"" + t.getName() + "\" "); e.printStackTrace(System.err); } } }
jdk的注释也说明的很清楚了,当一个线程抛出了一个未捕获的异常,JVM会去调用这个方法。如果当前线程没有声明UncaughtExceptionHandler
成员变量并且重写uncaughtException
方法的时候,就会看线程所属的线程组(如果有线程组的话)有没有这个类,没有就会打到System.err
里面。
IBM这篇文章也提倡我们使用ThreadGroup
提供的 uncaughtException
处理程序来在线程异常终止时进行检测。
https://www.ibm.com/developer...
总结 (解决方法)
从上述源码分析中可以看到,对于本篇的异常“被吃掉”的问题,有以下几种方法
- 用try-catch 捕捉,一般都是用这种
线程或者线程组对象设置UncaughtExceptionHandler成员变量
Thread t = new Thread(r); t.setUncaughtExceptionHandler( (t1, e) -> LOGGER.error(t1 + " throws exception: " + e)); return t;
- override 线程池的
afterExecute
方法。
本篇虽然是提出问题的解决方法,但主旨还是分析源码,了解了整个过程中异常的经过的流程,希望能对您产生帮助。