Android异步消息机制

thisisid

2019-06-28

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目录介绍

1.Handler的常见的使用方式
2.如何在子线程中定义Handler
3.主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()
4.Looper.prepare()方法源码分析
5.Looper中用什么存储消息
6.Handler发送消息如何运作
7.Looper.loop()方法源码分析
8.runOnUiThread如何实现子线程更新UI
9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法
10.得出部分结论

好消息

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00.Android异步消息机制
- 如何在子线程中定义Handler，主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()，Looper.prepare()方法源码分析，Looper中用什么存储消息，Looper.loop()方法源码分析，runOnUiThread如何实现子线程更新UI等等
01.Handler消息机制
- 为什么不允许在子线程中访问UI，Handler消息机制作用，避免子线程手动创建looper，ActivityThread源码分析，ActivityThread源码分析，Looper死循环为什么不会导致应用卡死，会消耗大量资源吗？

1.Handler的常见的使用方式

handler机制大家都比较熟悉呢。在子线程中发送消息，主线程接受到消息并且处理逻辑。如下所示

一般handler的使用方式都是在主线程中定义Handler，然后在子线程中调用mHandler.sendXx()方法，这里有一个疑问可以在子线程中定义Handler吗？

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView tv ;

    /**
     * 在主线程中定义Handler，并实现对应的handleMessage方法
     */
    public static Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.what == 101) {
                Log.i("MainActivity", "接收到handler消息...");
            }
        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
        tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                new Thread() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        // 在子线程中发送异步消息
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
                    }
                }.start();
            }
        });
    }
}

2.如何在子线程中定义Handler

直接在子线程中创建handler，看看会出现什么情况？
- 运行后可以得出在子线程中定义Handler对象出错，难道Handler对象的定义或者是初始化只能在主线程中？其实不是这样的，错误信息中提示的已经很明显了，在初始化Handler对象之前需要调用Looper.prepare()方法
```
tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        if (msg.what == 1) {
                            Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler，接收并处理消息");
                        }
                    }
                };
            }
        }.start();
    }
});
```
- 如何正确运行。在这里问一个问题，在子线程中可以吐司吗？答案是可以的，只不过又条件，详细可以看这篇文章02.Toast源码深度分析
  - 这样程序已经不会报错，那么这说明初始化Handler对象的时候我们是需要调用Looper.prepare()的，那么主线程中为什么可以直接初始化Handler呢？难道是主线程创建handler对象的时候，会自动调用Looper.prepare()方法的吗？

tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                Looper.prepare();
                Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        if (msg.what == 1) {
                            Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler，接收并处理消息");
                        }
                    }
                };
                Looper.loop();
            }
        }.start();
    }
});

3.主线程如何自动调用Looper.prepare()

首先直接可以看在App初始化的时候会执行ActivityThread的main方法中的代码，如下所示

可以看到Looper.prepare()方法在这里调用，所以在主线程中可以直接初始化Handler了。

public static void main(String[] args) {
    //省略部分代码
    Looper.prepareMainLooper();
    ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
    thread.attach(false);
    if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
        sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
    }
    if (false) {
        Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
    }
    Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
    Looper.loop();
    throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}

并且可以看到还调用了：Looper.loop()方法，可以知道一个Handler的标准写法其实是这样的

Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
      if (msg.what == 101) {
         Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler，并接收到消息");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

4.Looper.prepare()方法源码分析

源码如下所示
- 可以看到Looper中有一个ThreadLocal成员变量，熟悉JDK的同学应该知道，当使用ThreadLocal维护变量时，ThreadLocal为每个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本，所以每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本，而不会影响其它线程所对应的副本。
```
public static void prepare() {
    prepare(true);
}

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
```

思考：Looper.prepare()能否调用两次或者多次

如果运行，则会报错，并提示prepare中的Excetion信息。由此可以得出在每个线程中Looper.prepare()能且只能调用一次

//这里Looper.prepare()方法调用了两次
Looper.prepare();
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
       if (msg.what == 1) {
          Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler，并接收到消息。。。");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

5.Looper中用什么存储消息

先看一下下面得源代码

看Looper对象的构造方法，可以看到在其构造方法中初始化了一个MessageQueue对象。MessageQueue也称之为消息队列，特点是先进先出，底层实现是单链表数据结构

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
    mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

得出结论
- Looper.prepare()方法初始话了一个Looper对象并关联在一个MessageQueue对象，并且一个线程中只有一个Looper对象，只有一个MessageQueue对象。

6.Handler发送消息如何运作

首先看看构造方法

可以看出在Handler的构造方法中，主要初始化了一下变量，并判断Handler对象的初始化不应再内部类，静态类，匿名类中，并且保存了当前线程中的Looper对象。

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
    if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
        final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
        if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
            Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                klass.getCanonicalName());
        }
    }

    mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
    if (mLooper == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
    }
    mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
    mCallback = callback;
    mAsynchronous = async;
}

看handler.sendMessage(msg)方法

关于下面得源码，是步步追踪，看enqueueMessage这个方法，原来msg.target就是Handler对象本身；而这里的queue对象就是我们的Handler内部维护的Looper对象关联的MessageQueue对象。

handler.sendMessage(message);

//追踪到这一步
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){
    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}


public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    msg.target = this;
    if (mAsynchronous) {
        msg.setAsynchronous(true);
    }
    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

看MessageQueue对象的enqueueMessage方法

看到这里MessageQueue并没有使用列表将所有的Message保存起来，而是使用Message.next保存下一个Message，从而按照时间将所有的Message排序

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }
    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                    msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
            msg.recycle();
            return false;
        }

        msg.markInUse();
        msg.when = when;
        Message p = mMessages;
        boolean needWake;
        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
            // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
            msg.next = p;
            mMessages = msg;
            needWake = mBlocked;
        } else {
            // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
            // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
            // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
            Message prev;
            for (;;) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
                if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                    break;
                }
                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                    needWake = false;
                }
            }
            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
            prev.next = msg;
        }

        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

7.Looper.loop()方法源码分析

看看里面得源码，如下所示

看到Looper.loop()方法里起了一个死循环，不断的判断MessageQueue中的消息是否为空，如果为空则直接return掉，然后执行queue.next()方法

public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    for (;;) {
        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }
        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }
        final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
        final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        final long end;
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        } finally {
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }
        if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
            final long time = end - start;
            if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                        + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                        msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
            }
        }
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }
        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }
        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}

看queue.next()方法源码

大概的实现逻辑就是Message的出栈操作，里面可能对线程，并发控制做了一些限制等。获取到栈顶的Message对象之后开始执行：msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)

Message next() {
    // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
    // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
    // which is not supported.
    final long ptr = mPtr;
    if (ptr == 0) {
        return null;
    }

    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }

        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

        synchronized (this) {
            // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {
                    // Got a message.
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;
                }
            } else {
                // No more messages.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }

            // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
            if (mQuitting) {
                dispose();
                return null;
            }

            // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
            // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
            // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                    && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
            }
            if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                mBlocked = true;
                continue;
            }

            if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
            }
            mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
        }

        // Run the idle handlers.
        // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
        for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
            final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
            mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

            boolean keep = false;
            try {
                keep = idler.queueIdle();
            } catch (Throwable t) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
            }

            if (!keep) {
                synchronized (this) {
                    mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                }
            }
        }

        // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
        pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

        // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
        // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
        nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    }
}

那么msg.target是什么呢？通过追踪可以知道就是定义的Handler对象，然后查看一下Handler类的dispatchMessage方法：

可以看到，如果我们设置了callback（Runnable对象）的话，则会直接调用handleCallback方法
在初始化Handler的时候设置了callback（Runnable）对象，则直接调用run方法。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    if (msg.callback != null) {
        handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
        if (mCallback != null) {
            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
    message.callback.run();
}

8.runOnUiThread如何实现子线程更新UI

看看源码，如下所示

如果msg.callback为空的话，会直接调用我们的mCallback.handleMessage(msg)，即handler的handlerMessage方法。由于Handler对象是在主线程中创建的，所以handler的handlerMessage方法的执行也会在主线程中。
在runOnUiThread程序首先会判断当前线程是否是UI线程，如果是就直接运行，如果不是则post，这时其实质还是使用的Handler机制来处理线程与UI通讯。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    if (msg.callback != null) {
        handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
        if (mCallback != null) {
            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

@Override
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
    if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
        mHandler.post(action);
    } else {
        action.run();
    }
}

9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法

Handler的post方法实现很简单，如下所示

mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {

    }
});

public final boolean post(Runnable r){
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}

view的post方法也很简单，如下所示

可以发现其调用的就是activity中默认保存的handler对象的post方法

public boolean post(Runnable action) {
    final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
    if (attachInfo != null) {
        return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
    }
    ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
    return true;
}

public void post(Runnable action) {
    postDelayed(action, 0);
}

public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
    final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mActions == null) {
            mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
        }
        mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
        mCount++;
    }
}

10.得出部分结论

得出得结论如下所示
- 1.主线程中定义Handler对象，ActivityThread的main方法中会自动创建一个looper，并且与其绑定。如果是子线程中直接创建handler对象，则需要手动创建looper。不过手动创建不太友好，需要手动调用quit方法结束looper。这个后面再说
- 2.一个线程中只存在一个Looper对象，只存在一个MessageQueue对象，可以存在N个Handler对象，Handler对象内部关联了本线程中唯一的Looper对象，Looper对象内部关联着唯一的一个MessageQueue对象。
- 3.MessageQueue消息队列不是通过列表保存消息（Message）列表的，而是通过Message对象的next属性关联下一个Message从而实现列表的功能，同时所有的消息都是按时间排序的。