架构师内功心法,只是单纯听说过的原型模式详解

一、原型模式的应用场景

你一定遇到过这样的代码场景,有大量的getter、setter赋值的场景。例如这样的代码片段:

private SafetyStockMessage createKafkaMessage(SafetyStock safetyStock, HttpServletRequest request) {
        SafetyStockMessage safetyStockMessage = new SafetyStockMessage();
        safetyStockMessage.setId(safetyStock.getId());
        safetyStockMessage.setProvinceCode(safetyStock.getProvinceCode());
        safetyStockMessage.setRequestId(CodeConstants.REQUEST_ID);
        safetyStockMessage.setRequestIp(CodeConstants.REQUEST_IP);
        safetyStockMessage.setSerial(IdMakerUtil.make32Id());
        safetyStockMessage.setStockMax(safetyStock.getStockMax());
        safetyStockMessage.setStockMin(safetyStock.getStockMin());
        safetyStockMessage.setProvince(safetyStock.getProvince());
        safetyStockMessage.setCategoryName(safetyStock.getCategoryName());
        safetyStockMessage.setUpdateTime(new Date());
        safetyStockMessage.setUpdateBy(getLoginUser(request));
        return safetyStockMessage;
}

代码看起来非常工整,命名也很规范,大家觉得这样的代码优雅吗?这样的代码属于纯体力劳动。如果使用原型模式,可以帮助我们解决这样的问题。

原型模式(Prototype Pattern)是指原型实例指定创建对象的种类,并且通过拷贝这样原型创建新的对象。

原型模式主要适用于以下场景:

1、类初始化消耗的资源较多;

2、new产生的一个对象需要非常繁琐的过程(数据准备、访问权限等);

3、构造函数比较复杂;

4、循环体中生产大量对象。

原型模型的类结构图:

架构师内功心法,只是单纯听说过的原型模式详解

二、简单克隆

一个标准的原型模式代码,应该是这样的设计的。先创建原型Prototype接口:

public interface Prototype {
    Prototype clone();
}

创建具体需要克隆的对象ConcretePrototype:

public class ConcretePrototype implements Prototype {

    private String name;
    private int age;
    private List<String> hobbies;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }

    public List<String> getHobbies() {
        return hobbies;
    }

    public void setHobbies(List<String> hobbies) {
        this.hobbies = hobbies;
    }

    @Override
    public ConcretePrototype clone() {
        ConcretePrototype concretePrototype = new ConcretePrototype();
        concretePrototype.setName(this.name);
        concretePrototype.setAge(this.age);
        concretePrototype.setHobbies(this.hobbies);
        return concretePrototype;
    }
}

创建Client对象:

public class Client {

    private Prototype prototype;

    public Client(Prototype prototype) {
        this.prototype = prototype;
    }

    public Prototype startClone(Prototype concretePrototype) {
        return (Prototype)concretePrototype.clone();
    }
    
}

测试代码:

public static void main(String[] args) {
        //创建一个具体的需要克隆的对象
        ConcretePrototype concretePrototype = new ConcretePrototype();
        //填充属性,准备测试
        concretePrototype.setName("Kevin");
        concretePrototype.setAge(18);
        List<String> hobbies = new ArrayList<>();
        concretePrototype.setHobbies(hobbies);
        System.out.println(concretePrototype);

        //创建Client对象,准备进行克隆
        Client client = new Client(concretePrototype);
        ConcretePrototype concretePrototypeClone = (ConcretePrototype)
                client.startClone(concretePrototype);
        System.out.println(concretePrototypeClone);

        System.out.println("克隆对象中的引用类型地址值是:" +
                concretePrototypeClone.getHobbies());
        System.out.println("原对象中的引用类型地址值是:" +
                concretePrototype.getHobbies());
        System.out.println("对象地址比较:" + (concretePrototypeClone.getHobbies() ==
                concretePrototype.getHobbies()));
}

运行结果:

架构师内功心法,只是单纯听说过的原型模式详解

从测试结果看出hobbies的引用地址是相同的,意味着不是复制值,而复制的是引用的地址。如果我们修改任何一个对象的属性值,concretePrototype和concretePrototypeClone的hobbies的值都会改变。这就是我们常说的浅克隆。只是完整复制了值类型数据,没有复制引用对象。换言之,所有的引用对象还是指向原来的对象,显然不是我们想要的结果。

下面我们继续改造代码,使用深度克隆。

三、深度克隆

我们来换一个场景,大家都知道齐天大圣孙悟空。首先它是一只猴子,有着七十二般变化,把一根毫毛放在嘴里一吹就变出千万个泼猴,手里还拿着金箍棒,金箍棒可变大变小。这就是我们耳熟能详的原型模式的经典体现。

创建原型猴子 Monkey 类:

public class Monkey {

    public int height;
    public int weight;
    public Date birthday;

}

创建引用对象金箍棒GoldenCudgel类:

public class GoldenCudgel implements Serializable {

    public float h = 100f;

    public float d = 10f;

    public void changeBig() {
        this.d *= 2;
        this.h *= 2;
    }

    public void changeSmall() {
        this.d /= 2;
        this.h /= 2;
    }
    
}

创建具体的对象齐天大圣孙悟空MonkeyKing类:

public class MonkeyKing extends Monkey implements Cloneable, Serializable {

    public GoldenCudgel goldenCudgel;

    public MonkeyKing() {
        this.birthday = new Date();
        this.goldenCudgel = new GoldenCudgel();
    }

    @Override
    protected Object clone() {
        return this.deepClone();
    }

    /**
     * 深克隆
     * @return
     */
    protected Object deepClone()  {

        try {
            ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
            oos.writeObject(this);

            ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
            ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);

            MonkeyKing copy = (MonkeyKing) ois.readObject();
            copy.birthday = new Date();
            return copy;

        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 浅克隆
     */
    public MonkeyKing shallowClone(MonkeyKing target) {
        MonkeyKing monkeyKing = new MonkeyKing();
        monkeyKing.height = target.height;
        monkeyKing.weight = target.weight;

        monkeyKing.goldenCudgel = target.goldenCudgel;
        monkeyKing.birthday = new Date();

        return monkeyKing;
    }
}

测试代码:

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        MonkeyKing monkeyKing = new MonkeyKing();

        MonkeyKing clone = (MonkeyKing)monkeyKing.clone();
        System.out.println("深克隆:" + (monkeyKing.goldenCudgel == clone.goldenCudgel));

        MonkeyKing shallow = new MonkeyKing();
        MonkeyKing newMonkeyKing = shallow.shallowClone(shallow);
        System.out.println("浅克隆" + (shallow.goldenCudgel =  newMonkeyKing.goldenCudgel));
}

运行结果:

架构师内功心法,只是单纯听说过的原型模式详解

  • 克隆破坏单例模式

如果我们克隆的目标是单例模式创建的对象,那么意味着深克隆会破坏单例模式。如何防止克隆破坏单例,禁止深克隆便可。我们在单例的类中不实现Cloneable接口,在重写clone()方法中返回单例对象即可,代码如下:

@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
    return INSTANCE;
}
  • Cloneable 源码分析

先看我们常用的 ArrayList 就实现了 Cloneable 接口,来看代码clone()方法的实现:

public Object clone() {
        try {
            ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
            v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
            v.modCount = 0;
            return v;
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn‘t happen, since we are Cloneable
            throw new InternalError(e);
        }
}
 来源:迅闻网