MySQL基础教程:关于varchar(N)
一 前言
varchar(N) N代表什么意思,能存放多少个中文字符?属于老生常谈的问题了,今天又被一个开发同事问我关于这个问题,索性写一篇文章来具体介绍一下。
二 理论知识
先说明一下 MySQL 历来版本对 varchar 的定义:
4.0版本以下,varchar(50),指的是50字节,如果存放UTF8汉字时,只能存16个(每个中文3字节)
5.0版本以上,varchar(50),指的是50字符,无论存放的是数字、字母还是UTF8中文(每个中文3字节),都可以存放50个
存储限制
需要额外占用字节存放字符的长度:小于255为1个字节,大于255则要2个字节
编码限制
gbk :每个字符最多占用2个字节
utf8:每个字符最多占用3个字节
utf8mb4 每个字符最多占用4个字节,中文占3个字节,emoji表情符号 占用4个字节
长度限制
MySQL定义行的长度不能超过65535,该数值限制了列的数目,比如char(128) utf8字符集,最多有65535/(128*3)=170个汉字。
三 测试
环境 Server version: 5.6.26-74.0-log Percona Server
mysql> create table t1
-> (id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT primary key,
-> name varchar(10)
-> ) engine=innodb default charset=utf8mb4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table t2
-> (id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT primary key,
-> name varchar(10)
-> ) engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> create table t3
-> (id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT primary key,
-> name varchar(10)
-> ) engine=innodb default charset=gbk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
utf8mb4 字符集
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('abcdfeghi');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('abcdfeghij');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('abcdfeghijk');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十一');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show warnings;
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Level | Code | Message |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
| Warning | 1265 | Data truncated for column 'name' at row 1 |
+---------+------+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('0123456789');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(name) values('01234567890');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from t1;
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| id | name | length(name) | char_length(name) |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1 | abcdfeghi | 9 | 9 |
| 2 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 3 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 4 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 30 | 10 |
| 5 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 30 | 10 |
| 6 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
| 7 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
utf8 字符集
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('abcdfeghi');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('abcdfeghij');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('abcdfeghijk');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十一');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('0123456789');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t2(name) values('01234567890');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from t2;
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| id | name | length(name) | char_length(name) |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1 | abcdfeghi | 9 | 9 |
| 2 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 3 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 4 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 30 | 10 |
| 5 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 30 | 10 |
| 6 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
| 7 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
gbk 字符集
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('abcdfeghi');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('abcdfeghij');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('abcdfeghijk');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('一二三四五六七八九十一');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('0123456789');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t3(name) values('01234567890');
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id,name,length(name),char_length(name) from t3;
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| id | name | length(name) | char_length(name) |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
| 1 | abcdfeghi | 9 | 9 |
| 2 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 3 | abcdfeghij | 10 | 10 |
| 4 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 20 | 10 |
| 5 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 20 | 10 |
| 6 | 一二三四五六七八九十 | 20 | 10 |
| 7 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
| 8 | 0123456789 | 10 | 10 |
+----+--------------------------------+--------------+-------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
从上面的测试可以看出,目前版本中 varchar(N) 定义的长度的单位是字符,length(str)表示str占用的字节数,char_length(str)表示str占用的字符数。
不论什么字符集,对于数字和英文字母都是��占用1个字符,也占用一个字节。而中文汉字因字符集不同而不同。
四 总结
回过头来回答文章开头的问题varchar(N)可以存放多少个中文汉字。答案是在 5.0 以后的版本中 varchar(N) 可以存放N个汉字 。
抛开字符集 ,如果一行数据全部为 varchar 类型,其最大长度为 65535 个字节。
行长度计算公式如下:
row length = 1
+ (sum of column lengths)
+ (number of NULL columns + delete_flag + 7)/8
+ (number of variable-length columns)
对于MyISAM,需要额外1个位来记录值是否为NULL;对于InnoDB,没有区别
对于row_format为fixed,delete_flag为1;对于row_format=dynamic,delete_flag为0
根据这个公式,我们便能够解答开头N的最大值:(65535-1-2)/3
减1是因为实际存储从第2个字节开始
减2则因为要在列表长度存储实际字符长度
除3是因为utf8编码限制
再来一道:
create table t4(c int, c2 char(30), c3 varchar(N)) charset=utf8;
N的最大值:(65535-1-2-4-30*3)/3
则此处N的最大值为 (65535-1-2-4-30*3)/3=21812
减1和减2与上例相同;
减4的原因是int类型的c占4个字节;
减30*3的原因是char(30)占用90个字节,编码是utf8。
如果被varchar超过上述的b规则,被强转成text类型,则每个字段占用定义长度为11字节,当然这已经不是“varchar”了