Oracle 12C新特性-CDB和PDB 详解
最近看到好多人都在尝试Oracle中的12C新特性-容器数据库,今年3月Orcle推出了Release2版本,可以算是一个稳定版本了。下午着手尝试了一下,还是蛮不错得
1.前言
CDB与PDB是Oracle 12C引入的新特性,在ORACLE 12C数据库引入的多租用户环境(Multitenant Environment)中,允许一个数据库容器(CDB)承载多个可插拔数据库(PDB)。CDB全称为ContainerDatabase,中文翻译为数据库容器,PDB全称为Pluggable Database,即可插拔数据库。在ORACLE 12C之前,实例与数据库是一对一或多对一关系(RAC):即一个实例只能与一个数据库相关联,数据库可以被多个实例所加载。而实例与数据库不可能是一对多的关系。当进入ORACLE 12C后,实例与数据库可以是一对多的关系。
关于CDB与PDB的关系图
其实大家如果对SQL SERVER比较熟悉的话,这种CDB与PDB是不是感觉和SQL SERVER的单实例多数据库架构是一回事呢。像PDB$SEED可以看成是master、msdb等系统数据库,PDBS可以看成用户创建的数据库。而可插拔的概念与SQL SERVER中的用户数据库的分离、附加其实就是那么一回事。
二、CDB组件(Components of a CDB)
一个CDB数据库容器包含了下面一些组件:
-ROOT组件
ROOT又叫CDB$ROOT, 存储着ORACLE提供的元数据和Common User,元数据的一个例子是ORACLE提供的PL/SQL包的源代码,Common User 是指在每个容器中都存在的用户。
-SEED组件
Seed又叫PDB$SEED,这个是你创建PDBS数据库的模板,你不能在Seed中添加或修改一个对象。一个CDB中有且只能有一个Seed. 这个感念,个人感觉非常类似SQL SERVER中的model数据库。
-PDBS
CDB中可以有一个或多个PDBS,PDBS向后兼容,可以像以前在数据库中那样操作PDBS,这里指大多数常规操作。
这些组件中的每一个都可以被称为一个容器。因此,ROOT(根)是一个容器,Seed(种子)是一个容器,每个PDB是一个容器。每个容器在CDB中都有一个独一无二的的ID和名称。
三、具体操作
1.查看数据库是否为CDB
sqlplus登录数据库
[oracle@oracle12C-R2 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on 星期三 6月 14 15:37:13 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
连接到:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
select name,cdb,open_mode,con_id from v$database;
SYSTEM@ORCL>select name,cdb,open_mode,con_id from v$database;
NAME CDB OPEN_MODE CON_ID
--------- --- -------------------- ----------
ORCL YES READ WRITE 0
2.查看当前容器
show con_name
SYS@orcl>show con_name;
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
3.创建一个新PDB
create pluggable database pdb1 admin user pdb1 identified by pdb1 file_name_convert=('/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/pdbseed/','/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/pdb1/');
4.查看所创建的PDB;
show pdbs;
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY NO
3 ORCLPDB MOUNTED
4 PDB1 MOUNTED
5 PDB2 MOUNTED
5.启动一个创建好的PDB
alter pluggable database pdb1 open;
再次查看
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY NO
3 ORCLPDB MOUNTED
4 PDB1 READ WRITE NO
5 PDB2 READ WRITE NO
6.关闭PDB
SYS@orcl>alter pluggable database pdb2 close;
插接式数据库已变更。
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY NO
3 ORCLPDB MOUNTED
4 PDB1 READ WRITE NO
5 PDB2 MOUNTED
7.也可以通过sqlplus使用传统的startup和shutdown命令来启动和关闭PDB
SYS@orcl>alter session set container=pdb2;
会话已更改。
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
5 PDB2 MOUNTED
SYS@orcl>startup;
插接式数据库已打开。
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
5 PDB2 READ WRITE NO
SYS@orcl>shutdown immediate;
插接式数据库已关闭。
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
5 PDB2 MOUNTED
SYS@orcl>alter session set container=CDB$ROOT;
会话已更改。
8.配置监听文件
监听文件目录在$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@oracle12C-R2 admin]$ cat listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = ORCL)
(SID_NAME = ORCL)
)
(SID_DESC=
(GLOBAL_DBNAME = PDB1)
(SID_NAME = PDB1)
)
)
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.221.165)(PORT = 1521))
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
)
)
[oracle@oracle12C-R2 admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
LISTENER_ORCL =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.221.165)(PORT = 1521))
ORCL =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.221.165)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
)
)
PDB1 =
(DESCRIPTION =
(ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.221.165)(PORT = 1521))
(CONNECT_DATA =
(SERVER = DEDICATED)
(SERVICE_NAME = PDB1)
)
)
测试登录
[oracle@oracle12C-R2 admin]$ tnsping pdb1
TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 14-6月 -2017 16:02:05
Copyright (c) 1997, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
已使用的参数文件:
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/sqlnet.ora
已使用 TNSNAMES 适配器来解析别名
尝试连接 (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.221.165)(PORT = 1521)) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVER = DEDICATED) (SERVICE_NAME = PDB1)))
OK (10 毫秒)
[oracle@oracle12C-R2 admin]$ sqlplus pdb1/pdb1@pdb1
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on 星期三 6月 14 16:02:28 2017
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle. All rights reserved.
上次成功登录时间: 星期三 6月 14 2017 15:51:38 +08:00
连接到:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PDB1@pdb1> select name from v$datafile where con_id=4 ;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/pdb1/system01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/pdb1/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/pdb1/undotbs01.dbf
PDB1@pdb1>
9.oracle12C中在启动数据库的时候,PDB并不会随着CDB而启动。不过我们可以通过创建一个触发器让PDB能够随CDB启动。如下:
SQL> SHOW CON_NAME
CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs
AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE
BEGIN
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';
END open_pdbs;
触发器已创建
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> STARTUP
ORACLE 例程已经启动。
Total System Global Area 754974720 bytes
Fixed Size 2928968 bytes
Variable Size 524291768 bytes
Database Buffers 222298112 bytes
Redo Buffers 5455872 bytes
数据库装载完毕。
数据库已经打开。
SYS@orcl>show pdbs;
CON_ID CON_NAME OPEN MODE RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
2 PDB$SEED READ ONLY NO
3 ORCLPDB READ WRITE NO
4 PDB1 READ WRITE NO
5 PDB2 READ WRITE NO