linux root------系统的磁盘管理
1.本地查看
fdisk -l #真实存在的设备
cat /proc/partition #系统可识别的设备
blkid #系统可使用的设备
df #系统正在挂载的设备
[root@march ~]# df Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/vda3 8709120 2980288 5728832 35% / devtmpfs 493920 0 493920 0% /dev tmpfs 508456 160 508296 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 508456 7144 501312 2% /run tmpfs 508456 0 508456 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/vda1 201388 141732 59656 71% /boot tmpfs 101692 8 101684 1% /run/user/42 tmpfs 101692 8 101684 1% /run/user/0
2.设备的挂载和卸载
1.设备名称
/dev/hd0 # #表示IDE设备，即并口硬盘，是老式的硬盘
/dev/xdx # /dev/sda /dev/sdb....
/dev/sr0 #光驱
/dev/mapper/* #虚拟设备
2.设备挂载
mount 设备 挂载点
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt #挂载sdb1到mnt
umount /mnt|/dev/sdb1 #卸载
mount -o ro /dev sdb1 /mnt #只读挂载
mount #查看挂载信息
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1|/mnt #重新读写挂载
[root@foundation22 ~]# umount /mnt/
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))方法：另开一个SHELL窗口，vim /mnt/file
解决方法1
fuser -kvm /mnt
umount /mnt
解决方法2
lsof /mnt
[root@foundation22 ~]# lsof /mnt
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
vim 3500 kiosk 4u REG 8,17 12288 2137 /mnt/.file.swp
[root@foundation22 ~]# kill -9 3500
[root@foundation22 ~]# umount /mnt
3.磁盘分区
1.硬盘0磁道1扇区的512个字节中记录的信息如下
512= 446 + 64 + 2
mbr:主引导记录,它负责从活动分区中装载,并运行系统引导程序。
mpt:分区表，含4 个分区项， 每个分区表项长16 个字节，共64 字节。
55aa：结束标志字
4.分区步骤
1.fdisk -l #查看分区
2.建立主分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag b edit bsd disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag d delete a partition #删除 g create a new empty GPT partition table G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table l list known partition types m print this menu n add a new partition #新建 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table #显示分区信息 q quit without saving changes #退出 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id #修改分区id u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit #保存分区标信息到硬件 x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n #新建
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p #主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): #id默认
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): #分区起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M #分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p #显示信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xed32f7e0
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.当3个主分区已经建立
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e #建立扩展分区
Selected partition 4
First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):
Using default value 3074048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xed32f7e0
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended #把所有空间都给Extended
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
5.给设备安装文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/ mount: /dev/vdb1 is write-protected, mounting read-only mount: unknown filesystem type '(null)'
ext3 rhel5及之前的版本格式化，最多支持32TB的文件系统和2T文件，实际2TB文件系统，16G文件
ext4 rhel6 1EB 16TB
xfs rhel7 18EB 9EB 7G/s 4G/s
mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1#格式化硬盘格式为xfs mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt #临时挂载 vim /etc/fstab #开机时自动挂载的分区 设备 挂载点 文件系统 挂载参数 是否备份 是否检测 /dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0 mount -a
出错：
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab /dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defauts 0 0 [root@localhost ~]# reboot
partprobe #同步分区表
cat /proc/partitions
再次启动时，虚拟机会出错
-->输入PASSWD
-->vim /etc/fstab
#/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defauts 0 0
-->reboot
正常启动
6.swap分区管理
1.swap建立
划分分区并设定分区标签82
mkswap /dev/vdb6 #格式化
swapon -a /dev/vdb6 #启动
swapon -s #显示swap信息
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size UsedPriority
/dev/vdb6 partition 1048572 0 -1
vim /etc/fstab #永久挂载在swap分区
/dev/sdv6 swap swap defaults 0 0
2.swap分区删除
vim /etc/fstab
swapoff /dev/vdb6
swapon -s
7.配额
是针对分区的
mkdir /public
新建/etc/vdb7
mkfs.xfs /etc/vdb7
mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb7 /public/
chmod 777 /public
edquota -u student #设置用户限额
Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/vdb6 0 0 20480 1 0 0
vim /etc/fstab #永久配额
/dev/vdb7 /public xfs defaults,usrquota 0 0
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# su - student Last login: Wed Aug 1 22:52:55 EDT 2018 on pts/0 [student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/public/studentfile bs=1M count=10 10+0 records in 10+0 records out 10485760 bytes (10 MB) copied, 0.00694435 s, 1.5 GB/s [student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/public/studentfile bs=1M count=100 dd: error writing ‘/public/studentfile’: Disk quota exceeded 21+0 records in 20+0 records out 20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.224504 s, 93.4 MB/s [student@localhost ~]$ du -sh /public/studentfile 20M /public/studentfile
8.磁盘加密
新建分区/dev/vdb8
partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# ll /dev/vdb8 brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 24 Aug 3 23:36 /dev/vdb8
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb8 #加密/dev/vdb8
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 sheen #打开加密设备通口，命名为sheen
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/sheen #/etc/mapper虚拟设备
mount /dev/mapper/sheen /mnt/ #挂载
touch /mnt/file{1..10}
umount /mnt/
cryptsetup close sheen #关闭加密设备通口
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 sheen
mount /dev/mapper/sheen /mnt/
ls /mnt/[root@localhost ~]# ll /dev/vdb8
brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 23 Aug 1 23:24 /dev/vdb7
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb
warnning!
"============"
This will overwrite data on /dev/vdb7 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 sheen
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb8:
[root@localhost ~]# ll /dev/mapper/sheen
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Aug 1 23:25 /dev/mapper/sheen -> ../dm-0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/mapper/sheen /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# touch /mnt/file{1..4}
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
file1 file2 file4
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup close sheen
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 sheen
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb8:
[root@localhost ~]# cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 sheen
Enter passphrase for /dev/vdb8:
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/mapper/sheen /mnt/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/
file1 file2 file3 file4
加密磁盘开机自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/sheen /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
vim /etc/crypttab
sheen /dev/vdb8 /root/sheenkeys
vim /root/sheenkeys
sheenstar13
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb8 /root/sheenkeys
测试：
重启虚拟reboot
df