Linux学习-基于CentOS7的MariaDB数据库的安装
一、实验环境：
系统：CentOS7.6，关闭了防火墙与SELINUX
数据库版本：mariadb-10.2.25(二进制安装与源码安装)
二、安装方法：
1、yum源安装
(1) 配置yum源，官方yum源下载太慢，用国内的镜像源吧
[ ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/mariadb.repo # MariaDB 10.2 CentOS repository list - created 2019-11-29 02:18 UTC # http://downloads.mariadb.org/mariadb/repositories/ [mariadb] name = MariaDB baseurl = https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/mariadb/yum/10.2/centos7-amd64/ gpgcheck=0
(2) 开始安装
[ ~]# yum install -y MariaDB-server MariaDB-client
(3) 启动服务
[ ~]# systemctl start mariadb [ ~]# ss -nlt State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:* LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:* LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:* LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:* LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:* LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::* LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::* LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::* [ ~]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 8 Server version: 10.2.29-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
(4) 设置mysql密码，可以用/usr/bin/mysqladmin -u root password ‘new-password‘ 设置，或使用安全脚本设置，以下为用脚本设置
[ ~]# /usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation
#使用脚本交互式设置
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we‘ll need the current
password for the root user. If you‘ve just installed MariaDB, and
you haven‘t set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.
Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!
By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them. This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother. You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from ‘localhost‘. This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y
... Success!
By default, MariaDB comes with a database named ‘test‘ that anyone can
access. This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
- Dropping test database...
... Success!
- Removing privileges on test database...
... Success!
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
... Success!
Cleaning up...
All done! If you‘ve completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.
Thanks for using MariaDB!2、源码安装
(1) 先下载文件到服务器
[ ~]# ll mariadb-10.2.25.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 71997847 Nov 29 11:40 mariadb-10.2.25.tar.gz
(2) 安装相应的包
[ ~]# yum install -y bison bison-devel zlib-devel libcurl-devel libarchive-devel boost-devel gcc gcc-c++ cmake ncurses-devel gnutls-devel libxml2-devel openssl-devel libevent-devel libaio-devel libdb-cxx-devel
(3) 新建mysql用户和数据目录
[ ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /data/mysql mysql [ ~]# mkdir /data/mysql [ ~]# chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql [ ~]# tar -zxvf mariadb-10.2.25.tar.gz
(4) cmake编译安装
[ ~]# cd mariadb-10.2.25/ [ mariadb-10.2.25]# cmake . > -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/app/mysql > -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql/ > -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc/ > -DMYSQL_USER=mysql > -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 > -DWITH_ARCHIVE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 > -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 > -DWITH_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 > -DWITHOUT_MROONGA_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 > -DWITH_DEBUG=0 > -DWITH_READLINE=1 > -DWITH_SSL=system > -DWITH_ZLIB=system > -DWITH_LIBWRAP=0 > -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 > -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/data/mysql/mysql.sock > -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 > -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci [ mariadb-10.2.25]# make && make install #提示：如果出错，执行rm -f CMakeCache.txt
(5) 安装完成后，配置环境变量
[ mariadb-10.2.25]# echo ‘PATH=/app/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ mariadb-10.2.25]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ mariadb-10.2.25]# echo $PATH /app/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
(6) 初始化数据库，生成数据库文件
[ bin]# cd /app/mysql/ [ mysql]# scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/data/mysql --user=mysql Installing MariaDB/MySQL system tables in ‘/data/mysql‘ ... OK To start mysqld at boot time you have to copy support-files/mysql.server to the right place for your system PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MariaDB root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands: ‘./bin/mysqladmin‘ -u root password ‘new-password‘ ‘./bin/mysqladmin‘ -u root -h centos7.localdomain password ‘new-password‘ Alternatively you can run: ‘./bin/mysql_secure_installation‘ which will also give you the option of removing the test databases and anonymous user created by default. This is strongly recommended for production servers. See the MariaDB Knowledgebase at http://mariadb.com/kb or the MySQL manual for more instructions. You can start the MariaDB daemon with: cd ‘.‘ ; ./bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=‘/data/mysql‘ You can test the MariaDB daemon with mysql-test-run.pl cd ‘./mysql-test‘ ; perl mysql-test-run.pl Please report any problems at http://mariadb.org/jira The latest information about MariaDB is available at http://mariadb.org/. You can find additional information about the MySQL part at: http://dev.mysql.com Consider joining MariaDB‘s strong and vibrant community: https://mariadb.org/get-involved/
(7) 准备配置文件与启动脚本
[ mysql]# cp /app/mysql/support-files/my-huge.cnf /etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# cp /app/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
(8) 启动服务
[ mysql]# chkconfig --add mysqld
[ mysql]# service mysqld start
[ mysql]# ss -ntlp|grep 3306
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* users:(("mysqld",pid=97848,fd=21))3、二进制程序包安装
(1) 先下载二进制程序包到服务器
[ ~]# ll mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 457955398 Nov 29 13:32 mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
(2) 新建mysql用户与数据目录
[ ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /data/mysql mysql [ ~]# mkdir /data/mysql [ ~]# chown mysql:mysql /data/mysql/
(3) 准备二进制程序
[ ~]# tar -zxvf mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local [ ~]# cd /usr/local/ [ local]# ln -sv mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64 mysql ‘mysql’ -> ‘mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64’ [ local]# chown -R root:mysql /usr/local/mysql/
(4) 准备配置文件
[ mysql]# mkdir /etc/mysql [ mysql]# cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf [ mysql]# vim /etc/mysql/my.cnf #在[mysqld]中添加下面三个选项： datadir = /data/mysql innodb_file_per_table = on skip_name_resolve = on #禁止主机名解析，建议使用
(5) 初始化数据库，生成数据库文件
[ ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql [ mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/data/mysql --user=mysql Installing MariaDB/MySQL system tables in ‘/data/mysql‘ ... 2019-11-29 13:53:32 140116365457216 [Warning] ‘THREAD_CONCURRENCY‘ is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. 2019-11-29 13:53:33 140116364871424 [Warning] Failed to load slave replication state from table mysql.gtid_slave_pos: 1146: Table ‘mysql.gtid_slave_pos‘ doesn‘t exist OK To start mysqld at boot time you have to copy support-files/mysql.server to the right place for your system PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MariaDB root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands: ‘./bin/mysqladmin‘ -u root password ‘new-password‘ ‘./bin/mysqladmin‘ -u root -h centos7.localdomain password ‘new-password‘ Alternatively you can run: ‘./bin/mysql_secure_installation‘ which will also give you the option of removing the test databases and anonymous user created by default. This is strongly recommended for production servers. See the MariaDB Knowledgebase at http://mariadb.com/kb or the MySQL manual for more instructions. You can start the MariaDB daemon with: cd ‘.‘ ; ./bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=‘/data/mysql‘ You can test the MariaDB daemon with mysql-test-run.pl cd ‘./mysql-test‘ ; perl mysql-test-run.pl Please report any problems at http://mariadb.org/jira The latest information about MariaDB is available at http://mariadb.org/. You can find additional information about the MySQL part at: http://dev.mysql.com Consider joining MariaDB‘s strong and vibrant community: https://mariadb.org/get-involved/
(6) 准备服务脚本，并启动服务
[ mysql]# cp ./support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld [ mysql]# chkconfig --add mysqld [ mysql]# service mysqld start Starting mysqld (via systemctl): [ OK ]
(7) 配置PATH变量
[ mysql]# echo ‘PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ mysql]# mysql Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 10 Server version: 10.2.25-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
(8) 安装后数据库是没有密码的，可以使用安全初始化脚本修改密码
[ mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_secure_installation #或用以下命令，前提是PATH变量已配好 [ mysql]# mysql_secure_installation
三、多实例的配置
以二进制程序包进行配置
(1) 先下载二进制程序包到服务器
[ ~]# ll mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 457955398 Nov 29 14:12 mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
(2) 新建mysql用户与数据目录
[ ~]# useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -d /data/mysql mysql
[ ~]# mkdir -pv /mysql/{3306,3307,3308}/{etc,data,bin,log,socket,pid}
[ ~]# tree /mysql
/mysql
├── 3306
│ ├── bin
│ ├── data
│ ├── etc
│ ├── log
│ ├── pid
│ └── socket
├── 3307
│ ├── bin
│ ├── data
│ ├── etc
│ ├── log
│ ├── pid
│ └── socket
└── 3308
├── bin
├── data
├── etc
├── log
├── pid
└── socket
21 directories, 0 files
[ ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql /mysql(3) 解压二进制程序包并初始化生成数据库文件到各实例目录
[ ~]# tar -zxvf mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local [ ~]# cd /usr/local/ [ local]# ln -sv mariadb-10.2.25-linux-x86_64 mysql [ local]# chown -R root:mysql /usr/local/mysql/ [ mysql]# cd /usr/local/mysql/ [ mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/mysql/3306/data/ --user=mysql [ mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/mysql/3307/data/ --user=mysql [ mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/mysql/3308/data/ --user=mysql
(4) 准备各实例的配置文件
[ mysql]# pwd /usr/local/mysql [ mysql]# cp support-files/my-huge.cnf /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# vim /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# grep -vE ‘#|^$‘ /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf [client] port = 3306 #修改点 socket = /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock [mysqld] port = 3306 #修改点 datadir =/mysql/3306/data #修改点 没有则添加 socket = /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock #修改点 skip-external-locking key_buffer_size = 384M max_allowed_packet = 1M table_open_cache = 512 sort_buffer_size = 2M read_buffer_size = 2M read_rnd_buffer_size = 8M myisam_sort_buffer_size = 64M thread_cache_size = 8 query_cache_size = 32M thread_concurrency = 8 log-bin=mysql-bin server-id = 1 #修改点 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 256M sort_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] #修改点 没有则添加 log-error = /mysql/3306/log/mariadb.log #修改点 没有则添加 pid-file = /mysql/3306/pid/mariadb.pid #修改点 没有则添加 [ mysql]# cp /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf /mysql/3307/etc/ [ mysql]# cp /mysql/3306/etc/my.cnf /mysql/3308/etc/ [ mysql]# sed -i ‘s/3306/3307/g‘ /mysql/3307/etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# sed -i ‘s/3306/3308/g‘ /mysql/3308/etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# sed -ir ‘s/^server-id.*/server-id = 2/‘ /mysql/3307/etc/my.cnf [ mysql]# sed -ir ‘s/^server-id.*/server-id = 3/‘ /mysql/3308/etc/my.cnf
(5) 准备启动服务脚本
[ mysql]# cd /mysql/3306/bin/
[ bin]# vim mysqld
[ bin]# cat mysqld
#!/bin/bash
port=3306 #端口号记得要改
mysql_user="root" #数据库用户名
mysql_pwd="" #数据库密码，因初始化时是没有密码的，此外先为空，后续记得改
cmd_path="/usr/local/mysql/bin" #命令路径
mysql_basedir="/mysql"
mysql_sock="${mysql_basedir}/${port}/socket/mysql.sock"
function_start_mysql()
{
if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then
printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
${cmd_path}/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=${mysql_basedir}/${port}/etc/my.cnf &> /dev/null &
else
printf "MySQL is running...\n"
exit
fi
}
function_stop_mysql()
{
if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then
printf "MySQL is stopped...\n"
exit
else
printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
${cmd_path}/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_user} -p${mysql_pwd} -S ${mysql_sock} shutdown
fi
}
function_restart_mysql()
{
printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
function_stop_mysql
sleep 2
function_start_mysql
}
case $1 in
start)
function_start_mysql
;;
stop)
function_stop_mysql
;;
restart)
function_restart_mysql
;;
*)
printf "Usage: ${mysql_basedir}/${port}/bin/mysqld {start|stop|restart}\n"
esac
[ bin]# cp mysqld /mysql/3307/bin/
[ bin]# cp mysqld /mysql/3308/bin/
[ bin]# sed -i ‘s/3306/3307/g‘ /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld
[ bin]# sed -i ‘s/3306/3308/g‘ /mysql/3308/bin/mysqld
[ bin]# chown -R mysql:mysql /mysql
[ bin]# chmod +x /mysql/{3306,3307,3308}/bin/mysqld
[ bin]# /mysql/3306/bin/mysqld start
Starting MySQL...
[ bin]# /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld start
Starting MySQL...
[ bin]# /mysql/3308/bin/mysqld start
Starting MySQL...
[ bin]# ss -nlt | grep 330*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3307 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3308 :::*(6) 配置PATH变量，使用mysql客户端测试
[ bin]# cd /usr/local/mysql/ [ mysql]# echo ‘PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [ mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh #使用不同端口socket文件连接不同的实例 [ mysql]# mysql -S /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 9 Server version: 10.2.25-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> status -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.2.25-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 9 Current database: Current user: SSL: Not in use Current pager: stdout Using outfile: ‘‘ Using delimiter: ; Server: MariaDB Server version: 10.2.25-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server Protocol version: 10 Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket Server characterset: latin1 Db characterset: latin1 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 UNIX socket: /mysql/3306/socket/mysql.sock Uptime: 14 min 8 sec Threads: 8 Questions: 4 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 17 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 11 Queries per second avg: 0.004 --------------
(7) 关闭数据库与修改数据库登录密码
[ mysql]# /mysql/3306/bin/mysqld stop #关闭数据库时，因密码为空，所以关闭时提示输入密码，直接回车即可 Stoping MySQL... Enter password: [ mysql]# ss -ntl | grep 330* #可以看到是关闭了的 LISTEN 0 80 :::3307 :::* LISTEN 0 80 :::3308 :::* #修改数据库登录密码，注意，需要启动后执行下面命令 [ mysql]# mysqladmin -S /mysql/3307/socket/mysql.sock password ‘centos‘ #以下已将密码修改为centos，记得还要改下启动脚本中的mysql_pwd的值 [ mysql]# vim /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld [ mysql]# grep ‘^mysql_pwd‘ /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld mysql_pwd="centos" [ mysql]# /mysql/3307/bin/mysqld stop #有密码后，关闭进不提示输密码了 Stoping MySQL... [ mysql]# ss -ntl | grep 330* #可以看到3307已经关闭了 LISTEN 0 80 :::3308 :::*
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