Django之Form组件
Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能：
- 生成HTML标签
- 验证用户数据（显示错误信息）
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
- 初始化页面显示内容
小试牛刀
1、创建Form类
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘id‘: ‘i1‘, ‘class‘: ‘c1‘})
)
gender = fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, ‘男‘), (2, ‘女‘),),
initial=2,
widget=widgets.RadioSelect
)
city = fields.CharField(
initial=2,
widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),))
)
pwd = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={‘class‘: ‘c1‘}, render_value=True)
)2、View函数处理
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyForm
def index(request):
if request.method == "GET":
obj = MyForm()
return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
if obj.is_valid():
values = obj.clean()
print(values)
else:
errors = obj.errors
print(errors)
return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
else:
return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)3、生成HTML
<form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
<p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p>
<p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p>
<input type="submit"/>
</form><form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.xxoo.label }}
{{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }}
{{ form.xxoo.label_tag }}
{{ form.xxoo.errors }}
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
其他标签有其他标签有
Form类
创建Form类时，主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】，字段用于对用户请求数据的验证，插件用于自动生成HTML;
1、Django内置字段如下：
Field
required=True, 是否允许为空
widget=None, HTML插件
label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text=‘‘, 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages=None, 错误信息 {‘required‘: ‘不能为空‘, ‘invalid‘: ‘格式错误‘}
show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件（可用于检验两次输入是否一直）
validators=[], 自定义验证规则
localize=False, 是否支持本地化
disabled=False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix=None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
max_digits=None, 总长度
decimal_places=None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats=None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：2015-09-01 11:12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔：%d %H:%M:%S.%f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
error_message=None, 忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages={‘invalid‘: ‘...‘}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点：
- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices=(), 选项，如：choices = ((0,‘上海‘),(1,‘北京‘),)
required=True, 是否必填
widget=None, 插件，默认select插件
label=None, Label内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text=‘‘, 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据
empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容
to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段
limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value= ‘‘ 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value= ‘‘ 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields=() 使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度20，又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats=None, 格式列表：[‘%Y--%m--%d‘, ‘%m%d/%Y‘, ‘%m/%d/%y‘]
input_time_formats=None 格式列表：[‘%H:%M:%S‘, ‘%H:%M:%S.%f‘, ‘%H:%M‘]
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
required=True,
widget=None,
label=None,
initial=None,
help_text=‘‘
GenericIPAddressField
protocol=‘both‘, both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候，可解析为192.0.2.1， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符）
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
...注：UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid
# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
>>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID(‘a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e‘)
# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, ‘python.org‘)
UUID(‘6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e‘)
# make a random UUID
>>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID(‘16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da‘)
# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, ‘python.org‘)
UUID(‘886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d‘)
# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
>>> x = uuid.UUID(‘{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}‘)
# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
>>> str(x)
‘00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f‘
# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
>>> x.bytes
b‘\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f‘
# make a UUID from a 16-byte string
>>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
UUID(‘00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f‘)2、Django内置插件：
TextInput(Input) NumberInput(TextInput) EmailInput(TextInput) URLInput(TextInput) PasswordInput(TextInput) HiddenInput(TextInput) Textarea(Widget) DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput) DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput) CheckboxInput Select NullBooleanSelect SelectMultiple RadioSelect CheckboxSelectMultiple FileInput ClearableFileInput MultipleHiddenInput SplitDateTimeWidget SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget SelectDateWidget
常用选择插件
# 单radio，值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),)) # ) # 单radio，值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.RadioSelect # ) # 单select，值为字符串 # user = fields.CharField( # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),)) # ) # 单select，值为字符串 # user = fields.ChoiceField( # choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),), # initial=2, # widget=widgets.Select # ) # 多选select，值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # choices=((1,‘上海‘),(2,‘北京‘),), # initial=[1,], # widget=widgets.SelectMultiple # ) # 单checkbox # user = fields.CharField( # widget=widgets.CheckboxInput() # ) # 多选checkbox,值为列表 # user = fields.MultipleChoiceField( # initial=[2, ], # choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),), # widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple # )
在使用选择标签时，需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取，但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***，那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一：
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
initial=2,
widget=widgets.Select
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# self.fields[‘user‘].widget.choices = ((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),)
# 或
self.fields[‘user‘].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects.all().value_list(‘id‘,‘caption‘)方式二：
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import models as form_model
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class FInfo(forms.Form):
authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())自定义验证规则
方式一：
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘请输入数字‘), RegexValidator(r‘^159[0-9]+$‘, ‘数字必须以159开头‘)],
)方式二：
import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# 自定义验证规则
def mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re = re.compile(r‘^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$‘)
if not mobile_re.match(value):
raise ValidationError(‘手机号码格式错误‘)
class PublishForm(Form):
title = fields.CharField(max_length=20,
min_length=5,
error_messages={‘required‘: ‘标题不能为空‘,
‘min_length‘: ‘标题最少为5个字符‘,
‘max_length‘: ‘标题最多为20个字符‘},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control",
‘placeholder‘: ‘标题5-20个字符‘}))
# 使用自定义验证规则
phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages={‘required‘: ‘手机不能为空‘},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control",
‘placeholder‘: u‘手机号码‘}))
email = fields.EmailField(required=False,
error_messages={‘required‘: u‘邮箱不能为空‘,‘invalid‘: u‘邮箱格式错误‘},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={‘class‘: "form-control", ‘placeholder‘: u‘邮箱‘}))方法三：自定义方法
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class FInfo(forms.Form):
username = fields.CharField(max_length=5,
validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid extension.‘, ‘invalid‘)], )
email = fields.EmailField()
def clean_username(self):
"""
Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后，执行此方法进行验证
:return:
"""
value = self.cleaned_data[‘username‘]
if "666" in value:
raise ValidationError(‘666已经被玩烂了...‘, ‘invalid‘)
return value方式四：同时生成多个标签进行验证
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
############## 自定义字段 ##############
class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Define one message for all fields.
error_messages = {
‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a country calling code and a phone number.‘,
}
# Or define a different message for each field.
f = (
fields.CharField(
error_messages={‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a country calling code.‘},
validators=[
RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid country calling code.‘),
],
),
fields.CharField(
error_messages={‘incomplete‘: ‘Enter a phone number.‘},
validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid phone number.‘)],
),
fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r‘^[0-9]+$‘, ‘Enter a valid extension.‘)],
required=False,
),
)
super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args,
**kwargs)
def compress(self, data_list):
"""
当用户验证都通过后，该值返回给用户
:param data_list:
:return:
"""
return data_list
############## 自定义插件 ##############
class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
def __init__(self):
ws = (
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
)
super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws)
def decompress(self, value):
"""
处理初始值，当初始值initial不是列表时，调用该方法
:param value:
:return:
"""
if value:
return value.split(‘,‘)
return [None, None, None]初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时，时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
1、Form
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField()
city = fields.ChoiceField(
choices=((1, ‘上海‘), (2, ‘北京‘),),
widget=widgets.Select
)2、Views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyForm
def index(request):
if request.method == "GET":
values = {‘user‘: ‘root‘, ‘city‘: 2}
obj = MyForm(values)
return render(request, ‘index.html‘, {‘form‘: obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)
else:
return redirect(‘http://www.google.com‘)3、HTML
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
{% csrf_token %}
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p>
<input type="submit"/>
</form>