python队列通信:rabbitMQ的使用(实例讲解)

（一）、前言

为什么引入消息队列？

1.程序解耦

2.提升性能

3.降低多业务逻辑复杂度

（二）、python操作rabbit mq

rabbitmq配置安装基本使用参见上节文章，不再复述。

若想使用python操作rabbitmq，需安装pika模块，直接pip安装：

pip install pika

1.最简单的rabbitmq producer端与consumer端对话：

producer：

#Author :ywq
import pika
auth=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe') #save auth indo
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
  '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth)) #connect to rabbit
channel = connection.channel() #create channel
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') #declare queue
#n RabbitMQ a message can never be sent directly to the queue, it always needs to go through an exchange.
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
   routing_key='hello',
   body='Hello World!') #the body is the msg content
print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")
connection.close()

consumer：

#Author :ywq
import pika
auth=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe') #auth info
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
  '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth)) #connect to rabbit
channel = connection.channel()  #create channel

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello') #decalre queue
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
 print(" [x] Received %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
   queue='hello',
   no_ack=True)
print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

消息传递消费过程中，可以在rabbit web管理页面实时查看队列消息信息。

2.持久化的消息队列，避免宕机等意外情况造成消息队列丢失。

consumer端无需改变，在producer端代码内加上两个属性，分别使消息持久化、队列持久化，只选其一还是会出现消息丢失，必须同时开启：

delivery_mode=2 #make msg persisdent
durable=True

属性插入位置见如下代码（producer端）：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
  '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 ))
channel=connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='test1',durable=True) #durable=Ture, make queue persistent

msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello'
channel.basic_publish(
 exchange='',
 routing_key='test1',
 body=msg,
 properties=pika.BasicProperties(
  delivery_mode=2 #make msg persisdent
 )
)

print('Send done:',msg)
connection.close()

3.公平分发

在多consumer的情况下，默认rabbit是轮询发送消息的，但有的consumer消费速度快，有的消费速度慢，为了资源使用更平衡，引入ack确认机制。consumer消费完消息后会给rabbit发送ack，一旦未ack的消息数量超过指定允许的数量，则不再往该consumer发送，改为发送给其他consumer。

producer端代码不用改变，需要给consumer端代码插入两个属性：

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count= *) #define the max non_ack_count
channel.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbitmq

属性插入位置见如下代码（consumer端）：

#Author :ywq
import pika,time
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 )
)
channel=connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='test2',durable=True)
def callback(chann,deliver,properties,body):
 print('Recv:',body)
 time.sleep(5)
 chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbit
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
'''
注意，no_ack=False 注意，这里的no_ack类型仅仅是告诉rabbit该消费者队列是否返回ack，若要返回ack，需要在callback内定义
prefetch_count=1,未ack的msg数量超过1个，则此consumer不再接受msg，此配置需写在channel.basic_consume上方，否则会造成non_ack情况出现。
'''
channel.basic_consume(
 callback,
 queue='test2'
)

channel.start_consuming()

三、消息发布/订阅

上方的几种模式都是producer端发送一次，则consumer端接收一次，能不能实现一个producer发送，多个关联的consumer同时接收呢？of course，rabbit支持消息发布订阅，共支持三种模式，通过组件exchange转发器，实现3种模式：

fanout: 所有bind到此exchange的queue都可以接收消息，类似广播。

direct: 通过routingKey和exchange决定的哪个唯一的queue可以接收消息，推送给绑定了该queue的consumer，类似组播。

topic:所有符合routingKey(此时可以是一个表达式)的routingKey所bind的queue可以接收消息，类似前缀列表匹配路由。

1.fanout

publish端（producer）：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys,time
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 )
)
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='hello',
    exchange_type='fanout'
    )
msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello world %s' %time.time()
channel.basic_publish(
 exchange='hello',
 routing_key='',
 body=msg,
 properties=pika.BasicProperties(
 delivery_mode=2
 )
)
print('send done')
connection.close()

subscribe端（consumer）：

#Author :ywq
import pika
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 )
)
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(
 exchange='hello',
 exchange_type='fanout'
)
random_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True) #随机与rabbit建立一个queue，comsumer断开后，该queue立即删除释放
queue_name=random_num.method.queue
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.queue_bind(
 queue=queue_name,
 exchange='hello'
)
def callback(chann,deliver,properties,body):
 print('Recv:',body)
 chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag) #send ack to rabbit

channel.basic_consume(
 callback,
 queue=queue_name,
)
channel.start_consuming()

实现producer一次发送，多个关联consumer接收。

使用exchange模式时：

1.producer端不再申明queue，直接申明exchange

2.consumer端仍需绑定队列并指定exchange来接收message

3.consumer最好创建随机queue，使用完后立即释放。

随机队列名在web下可以检测到：

2.direct

使用exchange同时consumer有选择性的接收消息。队列绑定关键字，producer将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange，exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列，consumer相应接收。即在fanout基础上增加了routing key.

producer：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 )
)
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_log',
   exchange_type='direct',
   )
while True:
 route_key=input('Input routing key:')
 msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello'
 channel.basic_publish(
 exchange='direct_log',
 routing_key=route_key,
 body=msg,
 properties=pika.BasicProperties(
  delivery_mode=2
 )
 )
connection.close()

consumer：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
))
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(
 exchange='direct_log',
 exchange_type='direct'
)
queue_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name=queue_num.method.queue
route_key=input('Input routing key:')

channel.queue_bind(
 queue=queue_name,
 exchange='direct_log',
 routing_key=route_key
)
def callback(chann,deliver,property,body):
 print('Recv:[level:%s],[msg:%s]' %(route_key,body))
 chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.basic_consume(
 callback,
 queue=queue_name
)
channel.start_consuming()

同时开启多个consumer，其中两个接收notice，两个接收warning，运行效果如下：

3.topic

相较于direct，topic能实现模糊匹配式工作方式（在consumer端指定匹配方式），只要routing key包含指定的关键字，则将该msg发往绑定的queue上。

rabbitmq通配符规则：

符号“#”匹配一个或多个词，符号“”匹配一个词。因此“abc.#”能够匹配到“abc.m.n”，但是“abc.*‘' 只会匹配到“abc.m”。‘.'号为分割符。使用通配符匹配时必须使用‘.'号分割。

producer：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
 )
)
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_log',
   exchange_type='topic',
   )
while True:
 route_key=input('Input routing key:')
 msg=''.join(sys.argv[1:]) or 'Hello'
 channel.basic_publish(
 exchange='topic_log',
 routing_key=route_key,
 body=msg,
 properties=pika.BasicProperties(
  delivery_mode=2
 )
 )
connection.close()

consumer：

#Author :ywq
import pika,sys
auth_info=pika.PlainCredentials('ywq','qwe')
connection=pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
 '192.168.0.158',5672,'/',auth_info
))
channel=connection.channel()
channel.exchange_declare(
 exchange='topic_log',
 exchange_type='topic'
)
queue_num=channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name=queue_num.method.queue
route_key=input('Input routing key:')

channel.queue_bind(
 queue=queue_name,
 exchange='topic_log',
 routing_key=route_key
)
def callback(chann,deliver,property,body):
 print('Recv:[type:%s],[msg:%s]' %(route_key,body))
 chann.basic_ack(delivery_tag=deliver.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.basic_consume(
 callback,
 queue=queue_name
)
channel.start_consuming()

运行效果：

rabbitmq三种publish/subscribe模型简单介绍完毕。