Kubernetes RBAC源码解析

Kubernetes RBAC源码解析

RBAC基础概念

在kubernetes 1.6版本中,正式引入了角色访问控制机制(Role-Based Access Control,RBAC),让集群管理员可以针对使用者(user或者group)或服务账号(service account),进行更精确的资源访问控制。

在正式对kubernetes RBAC的源码进行解析之前,需要了解几个基本的概念。

角色:是一系列权限的集合,例如一个角色包含services的list、watch权限。

角色绑定:是把角色映射到用户,从而让这些用户继承角色的权限。

Kubernetes RBAC源码解析

若需在kubernetes中开启RBAC的服务,在apiserver的启动参数里设定鉴权模式,

--authorization-mode=RBAC

角色与角色绑定

kubernetes中角色分为Role和ClusterRole,Role是namespace级别的,ClusterRole是集群级别的。

与RBAC相关的结构体的定义,全部位于pkg/apis/rbac/types.go文件中。

ClusterRole的结构体:

type ClusterRole struct {
    metav1.TypeMeta
    
    metav1.ObjectMeta

    Rules []PolicyRule

    AggregationRule *AggregationRule
}

Role的结构体:

type Role struct {
    metav1.TypeMeta
    
    metav1.ObjectMeta

    Rules []PolicyRule
}

ClusterRole与Role的结构体定义基本是类似的,角色里面都是关联的Rules规则,一个角色有哪些权限,通过Rules去定义。下面是Rule的结构体定义,主要控制访问的资源、访问URL的限制。

type PolicyRule struct {
    Verbs []string

    APIGroups []string

    Resources []string

    ResourceNames []string

    NonResourceURLs []string
}

那么角色是怎么和使用者或者服务账号绑定的呢?这就要看ClusterRoleBinding和RoleBinding。RoleBinding是把角色在namespace中对资源的权限授权给使用者或服务账号;ClusterRoleBinding允许使用者或服务账号在整个集群中的授权访问。ClusterRoleBinding与RoleBinding的功能是一致的,只是有着更宽的使用范围。下面是ClusterRoleBinding的结构体:

type ClusterRoleBinding struct {
    metav1.TypeMeta    
    metav1.ObjectMeta

    Subjects []Subject

    RoleRef RoleRef
}

这是与ClusterRoleBinding具有相同属性的结构体RoleBinding:

type RoleBinding struct {
    metav1.TypeMeta
    metav1.ObjectMeta

    Subjects []Subject

    RoleRef RoleRef
}

这两个结构体主要看两个属性值,第一个是Subjects,它是绑定的对象,包括User、Group、ServiceAccount;第二个是RoleRef,它是绑定的角色。

鉴权流程

在了解了kubernetes中角色的定义,并掌握了如何将角色中定义的资源的访问权限赋予给User、Group、ServiceAccount之后,我们需要了解的是,在处理一个API请求时,如何对该请求进行鉴权的处理?

在kubernetes中,所有的请求都会经由apiserver进行处理。在初始化apiserver时,若指定了鉴权模式包括了RBAC后,将会注册一个RBAC的Handler模块。这样,在apiserver接收请求并处理时,将会调用该Handler,来判断该请求的调用者是否有权限请求该资源。

该Handler位于staging/src/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/endpoints/filters/authorization.go文件中:

func WithAuthorization(handler http.Handler, requestContextMapper request.RequestContextMapper, a authorizer.Authorizer, s runtime.NegotiatedSerializer) http.Handler {
    if a == nil {
        glog.Warningf("Authorization is disabled")
        return handler
    }
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
        ctx, ok := requestContextMapper.Get(req)
        if !ok {
            responsewriters.InternalError(w, req, errors.New("no context found for request"))
            return
        }

        attributes, err := GetAuthorizerAttributes(ctx)
        if err != nil {
            responsewriters.InternalError(w, req, err)
            return
        }
        authorized, reason, err := a.Authorize(attributes)
        // an authorizer like RBAC could encounter evaluation errors and still allow the request, so authorizer decision is checked before error here.
        if authorized == authorizer.DecisionAllow {
            handler.ServeHTTP(w, req)
            return
        }
        if err != nil {
            responsewriters.InternalError(w, req, err)
            return
        }

        glog.V(4).Infof("Forbidden: %#v, Reason: %q", req.RequestURI, reason)
        responsewriters.Forbidden(ctx, attributes, w, req, reason, s)
    })
}

该Handler做了两件事,一是根据http request提取出鉴权所需的信息,通过函数GetAuthorizerAttributes()实现,二是根据提取出的信息,执行鉴权的核心操作,去判断请求的调用者是否有权限操作相关资源,通过函数Authorize()处理。

提取信息的函数GetAuthorizerAttributes()位于staging/src/k8s.io/apiserver/pkg/endpoints/filters/authorization.go文件中。主要包括请求的APIGroup、APIVersion、Resource、SubResource、Verbs、Namespace等这些在PolicyRule结构体中定义的信息。

func GetAuthorizerAttributes(ctx request.Context) (authorizer.Attributes, error) {
    attribs := authorizer.AttributesRecord{}

    user, ok := request.UserFrom(ctx)
    if ok {
        attribs.User = user
    }

    requestInfo, found := request.RequestInfoFrom(ctx)
    if !found {
        return nil, errors.New("no RequestInfo found in the context")
    }

    // Start with common attributes that apply to resource and non-resource requests
    attribs.ResourceRequest = requestInfo.IsResourceRequest
    attribs.Path = requestInfo.Path
    attribs.Verb = requestInfo.Verb

    attribs.APIGroup = requestInfo.APIGroup
    attribs.APIVersion = requestInfo.APIVersion
    attribs.Resource = requestInfo.Resource
    attribs.Subresource = requestInfo.Subresource
    attribs.Namespace = requestInfo.Namespace
    attribs.Name = requestInfo.Name

    return &attribs, nil
}

在获取了鉴权所需的相关信息后,kubernetes需要根据这些信息去执行鉴权的核心操作。鉴权的函数Authorize()位于文件plugin/pkg/auth/authorizer/rbac/rbac.go文件中。

该函数会调用VisitRulesFor()来进行鉴权的最后判断工作。

func (r *RBACAuthorizer) Authorize(requestAttributes authorizer.Attributes) (authorizer.Decision, string, error) {
    ruleCheckingVisitor := &authorizingVisitor{requestAttributes: requestAttributes}

    r.authorizationRuleResolver.VisitRulesFor(requestAttributes.GetUser(), requestAttributes.GetNamespace(), ruleCheckingVisitor.visit)
    if ruleCheckingVisitor.allowed {
        return authorizer.DecisionAllow, ruleCheckingVisitor.reason, nil
    }

    // Build a detailed log of the denial.
    // Make the whole block conditional so we don't do a lot of string-building we won't use.
    if glog.V(5) {
        var operation string
        if requestAttributes.IsResourceRequest() {
            b := &bytes.Buffer{}
            b.WriteString(`"`)
            b.WriteString(requestAttributes.GetVerb())
            b.WriteString(`" resource "`)
            b.WriteString(requestAttributes.GetResource())
            if len(requestAttributes.GetAPIGroup()) > 0 {
                b.WriteString(`.`)
                b.WriteString(requestAttributes.GetAPIGroup())
            }
            if len(requestAttributes.GetSubresource()) > 0 {
                b.WriteString(`/`)
                b.WriteString(requestAttributes.GetSubresource())
            }
            b.WriteString(`"`)
            if len(requestAttributes.GetName()) > 0 {
                b.WriteString(` named "`)
                b.WriteString(requestAttributes.GetName())
                b.WriteString(`"`)
            }
            operation = b.String()
        } else {
            operation = fmt.Sprintf("%q nonResourceURL %q", requestAttributes.GetVerb(), requestAttributes.GetPath())
        }

        var scope string
        if ns := requestAttributes.GetNamespace(); len(ns) > 0 {
            scope = fmt.Sprintf("in namespace %q", ns)
        } else {
            scope = "cluster-wide"
        }

        glog.Infof("RBAC DENY: user %q groups %q cannot %s %s", requestAttributes.GetUser().GetName(), requestAttributes.GetUser().GetGroups(), operation, scope)
    }

    reason := ""
    if len(ruleCheckingVisitor.errors) > 0 {
        reason = fmt.Sprintf("%v", utilerrors.NewAggregate(ruleCheckingVisitor.errors))
    }
    return authorizer.DecisionNoOpinion, reason, nil
}

VisitRulesFor()位于文件pkg/registry/rbac/validation/rule.go中。

该函数的鉴权操作步骤如下:

  1. 获取所有的ClusterRoleBindings,并对其进行遍历操作;
  2. 根据请求调用者的信息,判断该调用者是否被绑定在该ClusterRoleBinding中;
  3. 若绑定在该ClusterRoleBinding中,将通过函数GetRoleReferenceRules()获取绑定的Role所控制的访问的资源;
  4. 将Role所控制的访问的资源,与从API请求中提取出的资源进行比对,若比对成功,即为API请求的调用者有权访问相关资源;
  5. 若在所有的ClusterRoleBinding中,都没有获得鉴权成功的操作,将会判断提取出的信息中是否包括了namespace的信息,若包括了,将会获取该namespace下的所有RoleBindings。
  6. 获取了该namesapce下的所有RoleBindings之后,所执行的操作将与ClusterRoleBinding类似,对其进行遍历,获取对应Role控制的访问的资源,与从API请求中提取的资源信息进行比对。
  7. 若在遍历了所有CluterRoleBindings,及该namespace下的所有RoleBingdings之后,仍没有对资源比对成功,则可判断该API请求的调用者没有权限访问相关资源。
func (r *DefaultRuleResolver) VisitRulesFor(user user.Info, namespace string, visitor func(source fmt.Stringer, rule *rbac.PolicyRule, err error) bool) {
    if clusterRoleBindings, err := r.clusterRoleBindingLister.ListClusterRoleBindings(); err != nil {
        if !visitor(nil, nil, err) {
            return
        }
    } else {
        sourceDescriber := &clusterRoleBindingDescriber{}
        for _, clusterRoleBinding := range clusterRoleBindings {
            subjectIndex, applies := appliesTo(user, clusterRoleBinding.Subjects, "")
            if !applies {
                continue
            }
            rules, err := r.GetRoleReferenceRules(clusterRoleBinding.RoleRef, "")
            if err != nil {
                if !visitor(nil, nil, err) {
                    return
                }
                continue
            }
            sourceDescriber.binding = clusterRoleBinding
            sourceDescriber.subject = &clusterRoleBinding.Subjects[subjectIndex]
            for i := range rules {
                if !visitor(sourceDescriber, &rules[i], nil) {
                    return
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if len(namespace) > 0 {
        if roleBindings, err := r.roleBindingLister.ListRoleBindings(namespace); err != nil {
            if !visitor(nil, nil, err) {
                return
            }
        } else {
            sourceDescriber := &roleBindingDescriber{}
            for _, roleBinding := range roleBindings {
                subjectIndex, applies := appliesTo(user, roleBinding.Subjects, namespace)
                if !applies {
                    continue
                }
                rules, err := r.GetRoleReferenceRules(roleBinding.RoleRef, namespace)
                if err != nil {
                    if !visitor(nil, nil, err) {
                        return
                    }
                    continue
                }
                sourceDescriber.binding = roleBinding
                sourceDescriber.subject = &roleBinding.Subjects[subjectIndex]
                for i := range rules {
                    if !visitor(sourceDescriber, &rules[i], nil) {
                        return
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// GetRoleReferenceRules attempts to resolve the RoleBinding or ClusterRoleBinding.
func (r *DefaultRuleResolver) GetRoleReferenceRules(roleRef rbac.RoleRef, bindingNamespace string) ([]rbac.PolicyRule, error) {
    switch kind := rbac.RoleRefGroupKind(roleRef); kind {
    case rbac.Kind("Role"):
        role, err := r.roleGetter.GetRole(bindingNamespace, roleRef.Name)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        return role.Rules, nil

    case rbac.Kind("ClusterRole"):
        clusterRole, err := r.clusterRoleGetter.GetClusterRole(roleRef.Name)
        if err != nil {
            return nil, err
        }
        return clusterRole.Rules, nil

    default:
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported role reference kind: %q", kind)
    }
}

备注

本文所有源码均来自于kubernetes release-1.10分支。

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